Cancer immunotherapy refers to any intervention that leverages the immune system to eliminate a malignancy. Successful cancer immunotherapies generate an anti-cancer response that is systemic, specific, and durable and overcome to the primary limitations of traditional cancer treatment modalities. In this review paper, the effective methods in immune system to treat cancer, such as immunosuppre...

This educational video discusses and visualises the key steps of the complex interaction between cancer and the immune system. Essential steps of the cancer immune cycle take place in the tumour itself and in regional lymph nodes, with immune cells travelling between these distinct sites. Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells migrate into the tumour microenvironment and take up tumou...

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome occurs in patients with rapidly recovering immune systems in response to antigens (viable pathogens, nonviable pathogen debris, host antigens or tumor antigens). The acronym IRIS, Greek for spectrum of color, is often used for immune reconstitution inflammatory response syndrome and reflects the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with...

Antigenic variability of immunodominant antigens is a common mechanism used by pathogens to escape the immune response. Frequently, the proposed solution is a universal vaccine based on conserved antigens present on all strains of the pathogen. Indeed, a lot of progress has been made in the development of vaccines that induce broad immune responses. However, truly universal vaccines are not eas...

T h e control o f female fertility by al imentary tract vaccination with sperm antigens has remained a theoretical possibility connect ing observations of sperm immunogenici ty and consequent infertility in various species, including humans (for review see references 1-3), with the translation o f gut mucosal immune reactivity to anatomically r emote mucosal sites, including the female genital ...

Using seven skin test antigens the cell-mediated immune response was evaluated in 20 haemophiliacs, 10 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody-positive and 10 antibody-negative. Response rates were compared with 75 healthy males of similar age range. All haemophiliac patients displayed significant impairment of cell-mediated reactivity to the test antigens; however, there was no apparent co...

Johne's disease of cattle is widespread and causes significant economic loss to producers. Control has been hindered by limited understanding of the immune response to the causative agent, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and lack of an effective vaccine and sensitive specific diagnostic assays. The present study was conducted to gain insight into factors affecting the immune respon...

Infectious diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and vaccines are one of the most successful and cost-effective tools for disease prevention. One of the key considerations for rational vaccine development is the selection of appropriate antigens. Antigens must induce a protective immune response, and this response should be directed to stably expressed antigens so t...

Cancer immunosurveillance theory has emphasized the role of escape mechanisms in tumor growth. In this respect, a very important factor is the molecular characterization of the mechanisms by which tumor cells evade immune recognition and destruction. Among the many escape mechanisms identified, alterations in classical and non-classical HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigens) class I and class II expres...

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) manifests itself in the form of damage to various organs as a result an autoimmune reaction organism's own molecules. Understanding processes leading activation response, well identifying potential autoantigens and their role pathogenesis SIE, is important task for understanding mechanisms underlying SLE. Here we describe model SLE which induction response bas...