Abstract Data from field monitoring and artificial rainfall experiments suggest that the thick vadose zone can be divided into two sub-zones based on soil water variation, namely active steady zones. The content of top (2–5 m depth) is sensitive to precipitation evaporation dominated by transient flow. Soil underlying remains constant over time there a flow under force gravity. However, since t...

Soil moisture is an important hydrologic state variable critical to successful hydroclimatic and environmental predictions. Soil moisture varies both in space and time because of spatio-temporal variations in precipitation, soil properties, topographic features, and vegetation characteristics. In recent years, airand space-borne remote sensing campaigns have successfully demonstrated the use of...

Abstract. The application of large manure on the agricultural lands that derived from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) could cause excess nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus transport to groundwater through vadose (unsaturated) zone. objective this study is follows: (1) compare in zone at different Land Management Units (LMUs) for three consecutive years (2004-06) using HYDR...