A system which consists of a loading chamber unit, displacement sensor, data collector and processor, and a feedback control, was established for applying mechanical forces to single plant cells. The method works by compressing an agar cell-suspension block between parallel surfaces through using a force-feedback control circuit coupled to a microchip, delivering the pre-defined. The actual con...

A major hazard during the eruption of explosive volcanoes is the formation of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Casualties and physical building damage from PDCs are caused by the temperature, pressure, and particle load of the flow. This paper examines the vulnerability of buildings and occupants to the forces imposed by PDCs along with associated infiltration of PDC particle and gas mixtur...

Nationally, there has been increased attention at the state level in a gross receipts tax as a replacement for the standard state corporate income tax. Washington State has imposed a gross receipts tax since 1935. In 2005, this tax structure was also adopted in Ohio. And in May 2006, Texas lawmakers voted to replace their franchise tax with a gross receipts tax. The reasons given for such a mov...

Spontaneous directed motion, a hallmark of cell biology, is unusual in classical statistical physics. Here we study, using both numerical and analytical methods, organized motion in models of the cytoskeleton in which constituents are driven by energy-consuming motors. Although systems driven by small-step motors are described by an effective temperature and are thus quiescent, at higher order ...

Effects of Endotracheal Tubes in Spontaneously Breathing Patients Respiratory Workload Imposed by the Endotracheal Tube In healthy persons, respiration occurs with little effort. Respiratory work is required, however, to overcome the natural forces that oppose inhalation, such as the elasticity and resistance of the respiratory system, which is termed respiratory load. The ability to overcome t...

We conduct molecular dynamics simulations of a molecular linear motor consisting of coaxial carbon nanotubes with a long outer carbon nanotube confining and guiding the motion of an inner short, capsulelike nanotube. The simulations indicate that the motion of the capsule can be controlled by thermophoretic forces induced by thermal gradients. The simulations find large terminal velocities of 1...

We investigate the dynamics generated by a type of equation which is common to a variety of physical systems where the undesirable effects of a number of self-consistent nonlinear forces are balanced by an externally imposed controlling harmonic force. We show that the equation presents a new sequence of bifurcations where periodic orbits are created and destroyed in such a nonsimultaneous way ...

Movement is performed against a background of subtle postural adjustments that counteract destabilizing forces imposed by the movement. Despite the importance of these postural adjustments to the safe and efficient performance of movement, little is known about the properties of these postural accompaniments. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it provides a review of properties of p...

We discuss the fluid dynamical approach to nuclear giant resonances using imposed scahng type oscillations. We calculate the response of the intrinsic kinetic energy to the lsoscalar twist mode (a rrr = 2) quantum mechanically and show that for thxs mode as well as for the lowest normal parity modes (a rrr = 0 +, 1and 2+), the static single particle effects lead to the same restoring forces as ...

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of international interventions through their impact on exchange rates. If a specific intervention actually increases (decreases) a country’s economic and political stability, then its currency should appreciate (depreciate). Estimates suggest that peacekeeping forces in Lebanon caused long-run appreciations, while economic sanctions imposed upon South Afric...