Stock option grants have become an increasingly popular component of executive compensation as firms seek to align the interests of executives and shareholders. For example, in 1999, 47% of the total compensation of S&P 500 executives was accounted for by stock options, up 22% from 1992 (Hall & Murphy, 2002). In contrast to their increased popularity, the value of executives’ stock option portf...

The variety of labelling legislations of single European (EU) Member States hinders legal certainty for consumers. The standardisation pursued by EU Regulation 1169/2011 will at long last provide the 28 EU Member States with a common legislation. The present article carries out a summary benchmarking analysis of the new legislative framework.

This paper investigates a way of imposing a hierarchy on a graph in order to explore relationships between elements of data. Imposing a hierarchy is equivalent to clustering. First a tree structure is imposed on the initial graph, then a k-partite structure is imposed on each previously obtained cluster. Imposing a tree exposes the hierarchical structure of the graph as well as providing an abs...

SYNOPSIS This study examines the impact of ethnic diversity executives on real earnings management (REM) by using 21,217 firm-year observations for 2,209 U.S. public firms between 1993 and 2020. Social identity theory top team research suggest executive enhances mutual monitoring subordinate executives’ independence from CEO, thus incentivizing to curb CEOs’ opportunistic financial reporting. T...

What determines the success by which heads of government can enact their legislative proposals? Presumably, constitutional rules governing the relationship between executives and legislatures should be part of the answer. We suggest that in order to understand an executive’s leverage in legislative bargaining, one must consider a broad set of formal powers, even those that are not directly rela...

© 2007 Canadian Medical Association or its licensors 599 When the physician’s role of caring for patients collides with the duty of societal protection, a dramatic and controversial dynamic occurs that often strains the doctor–patient relationship. Nowhere is this more salient than in the case of a patient with mild dementia who the physician thinks may be an unsafe driver. In most Canadian pro...

Various legislations worldwide provide a framework for the authorization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products derived therefrom [1]. Despite these regulations, novel GMOs occasionally enter the market without authorization [2–22] (Table 1) and are referred to as unauthorized GMOs (UGMs). The presence of UGMs in food and feed raises safety and labeling concerns, and challenges i...