Herein, the performance of wide-gap Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 (ACIGS) solar cells with In2O3:Sn (ITO) In2O3:H (IOH) as transparent back contact (TBC) materials is evaluated. Since both TBCs restrict sodium in-diffusion from glass substrate, fine-tuning a NaF precursor layer crucial. It found that optimum Na supply lower for ACIGS than CIGS samples. An excessive amount deteriorat...

Subsolidus phase relationships in the Ga2O3–SnO2–ZnO system were determined at 1250 ◦C using solid state synthesis and X-ray powder diffraction. The two spinels, Zn2SnO4 and ZnGa2O4, formed a complete solid solution. The optical band gap of the spinel varied with composition from 3.6 eV (Zn2SnO4) to 4.7 eV (ZnGa2O4). All samples were white and insulating except those containing Ga-doped ZnO. Th...