X-inactivation is the mechanism by which mammals achieve X-linked gene dosage equivalence between the sexes. This event occurs during the early stages of postimplantation embryonic development when XX females silence one of their two active X chromosomes. Somatic X-inactivation is a random event, and so females are in fact mosaic, comprising two populations of cells, each exhibiting exclusive e...

Controlling microbial proliferation in water systems, including wastewater, recreational water, and drinking is essential to societal health. Microbial inactivation through electrochemically generated reactive species (RS) mediated pathways provides an effective route toward this control. Herein we provide overview of recent progress electrocatalytic generation RS their application disinfection...

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects processing parameters (relative humidity (RH), temperature, and exposure time) on ethylene oxide (EtO) microbial inactivation Salmonella spp. evaluate Enterococcus faecium NRRL B2354 as a suitable surrogate for cumin seeds. Five grams seeds inoculated with either or E. treated EtO at different temperatures (46, 53, 60 °C) RH (30, 40, ...

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is caused by mutations in the S4 region of voltage-gated sodium or calcium channels found skeletal muscle. These elicit a non-canonical omega current observed as proton- cationic leak through voltage sensor domain these channels. also produce defects channel activation and inactivation. Here, we compared impact gating for homologous S4:R2 hNaV1.4 on excitability m...

In females, most genes on the X chromosome are generally assumed to be transcriptionally silenced on the inactive X as a result of X inactivation. However, particularly in humans, an increasing number of genes are known to "escape" X inactivation and are expressed from both the active (Xa) and inactive (Xi) X chromosomes; such genes reflect different molecular and epigenetic responses to X inac...

Noncoding RNA has long been proposed to control gene expression via sequence-specific interactions with regulatory regions. Here, we review the role of noncoding RNA in heterochromatic silencing and in the silencing of transposable elements (TEs), unpaired DNA in meiosis, and developmentally excised DNA. The role of cotranscriptional processing by RNA interference and by other mechanisms is dis...

At the onset of X-chromosome inactivation, the vital process whereby female mammalian cells equalize X products with respect to males, the X chromosomes are colocalized along their Xic (X-inactivation center) regions. The mechanism inducing recognition and pairing of the X's remains, though, elusive. Starting from recent discoveries on the molecular factors and on the DNA sequences (the so-call...

The onset of X inactivation coincides with accumulation of Xist RNA along the future inactive X chromosome. A recent hypothesis proposed that accumulation is initiated by a promoter switch within Xist. In this hypothesis, an upstream promoter (P(0)) produces an unstable transcript, while the known downstream promoter (P(1)) produces a stable RNA. To test this hypothesis, we examined expression ...

The creatine transporter defect is an X-linked cause of mental retardation. We investigated the clinical features and pattern of X-inactivation in a Dutch cohort of eight female heterozygotes. We show that symptoms of the creatine transporter defect (mental retardation, learning difficulties, and constipation) can be present in female heterozygotes. We further show that the diagnosis in females...

In classical Mendelian inheritance, each parent donates a set of chromosomes to its offspring so that maternally and paternally encoded information is expressed equally. The phenomena of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) and autosomal imprinting in mammals violate this dogma of genetic equality. In XCI, one of the two female X chromosomes is silenced to equalize X-linked gene dosage between XX an...