The observed gap in average wages between black men and white men inadequately reflects the relative economic standing of blacks, who suffer from a high rate of joblessness. The authors estimate the black-white gap in hourly wages from 1980 to 1999 adjusting for the sample selection effect of labor inactivity. Among working-age men in 1999, accounting for labor inactivity—including prison and j...

BACKGROUND Lumbar hernia is a rare congenital or acquired defect of the posterior abdominal wall. The acquired type is more common and occurs mainly as an incisional defect after flank surgery. Incarceration or strangulation of hernia contents is uncommon. METHOD Segmental liver incarceration through a recurrent incisional lumbar defect was diagnosed in a 58 years old woman by magnetic resona...

Adam Graycar Director This paper discusses trends in the incarceration of women and intervention programs available to women in prison. The data demonstrate that incarceration rates for women have been increasing over the last decade and that women are often imprisoned for property, violence and drug offences. Correctional facilities in Australia, in common with many other jurisdictions, admini...

GROWTH IN AMERICAN 1 prison and jail populations over the last 40 years has propelled the U.S. incarceration rate to the highest in the world and made incarceration commonplace for residents of poor inner-city communities. The U.S. penal system now houses around 2.2 million people in state and federal prisons and local jails, and incarcera tion rates are highest among racial and ethnic minoriti...

Approximately 100,000 youths are currently incarcerated in the US, yet little is known whether such a penalty deters future crime or interrupts human capital formation in a way that increases the likelihood of later criminal behavior. This paper uses the incarceration tendency of randomly-assigned judges as an instrumental variable to estimate causal effects of juvenile incarceration on adult r...

As studies repeatedly show an increase in the rates of detainment among women, findings also indicate that maternal incarceration has been associated with inappropriate and inconsistent discipline, youth problem behaviors, and serious delinquency [10][16][7]. Research has also illustrated that mother’s incarceration is associated with instability among children, many of whom are less likely to ...

Paraduodenal hernias are rare congenital internal hernias accounting for <2% of intestinal obstruction. Left paraduodenal hernias (LPDHs) into the fossa of Landzert are the more common type and result from abnormal rotation of the midgut and failure of peritoneal fusion. Sequelae of these hernias usually occur spontaneously in the 4th or 5th decade of life and are more common in males and have ...

This paper contributes to the debate on impact of juvenile crime punishment high school completion and adult recidivism using administrative data from a southern U.S. state. We exploit random assignment cases judges use idiosyncratic judge stringency in imprisonment estimate causal effect incarceration. find that incarceration increases propensity being convicted for drug offense adulthood whil...

AIMS To examine the long-term impact of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) on mortality, re-incarceration and hepatitis C seroconversion in imprisoned male heroin users. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study cohort comprised 382 imprisoned male heroin users who had participated in a randomized controlled trial of prison-based MMT in 1997/98. Subjects were followed-up between 1998 and ...

Background: In 2009, New York reformed its “Rockefeller Drug Laws”, terminating mandatory imprisonment for many drug charges and expanding the availability of treatment alternatives to incarceration. The reforms occurred in an environment characterized by high incarceration rates, racial/ethnic disparities in drug convictions and incarceration rates, and expanded use of alternatives to incarcer...