With the commercial development of extremely low permeability oil and gas reservoirs, new challenges have arisen both from operational and reservoir standpoints. Reservoir models, which previously yielded reasonable results for reserves estimates and production forecasts, no longer do so. Various new models and techniques have been proposed to improve the accuracy and reliability of reserves es...

Gas reservoirs with low permeability (k<0.1 mD) are among the unconventional reservoirs and are commonly termed as "Tight Gas Reservoirs". In conventional gas reservoirs that have high permeability, the flow of gas is basically controlled by the reservoir permeability and it is calculated using the Darcy equation. In these reservoirs, gas flow due to gas diffusion is ignored compared to Dar...

The recent increase in interest about effects of trawling and dredging on seafloor ecosystems and their fisheries can be understood by examining three phases in the history of conservation thinking. The primary focus in nonmarine conservation thinking and management worldwide is on maintaining biodiversity, while marine managers are still focused mainly on use of marine life. Marine conservatio...

We develop an approach to utilize anisotropic metamaterials to solve one of the fundamental problems of modern plasmonics--parasitic scattering of surface waves into free-space modes, opening the road to truly two-dimensional plasmonic optics. We illustrate the developed formalism on the examples of plasmonic refractor and plasmonic crystal, and discuss limitations of the developed technique an...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to record and analyze underwater sounds generated by a small hydraulic cutterhead dredge during maintenance dredging in the Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel (SDWSC), California. Of particular interest was determining 1) the sound frequency characteristics of the excavation process, 2) the received sound pressure levels at various distances from the sour...

The oil and gas industry faces difficulties in optimizing well placement problems. These problems are multimodal, non-convex, discontinuous nature. Various traditional non-traditional optimization algorithms have been developed to resolve these difficulties. Nevertheless, techniques remain trapped local optima provide inconsistent performance for different reservoirs. This study thereby present...

anti-lock braking system (abs) is a nonlinear and time varying system including uncertainty, so it cannot be controlled by classic methods. intelligent methods such as fuzzy controller are used in this area extensively; however traditional fuzzy controller using simple type-1 fuzzy sets may not be robust enough to overcome uncertainties. for this reason an interval type-2 fuzzy controller is de...

Building with Nature is a new approach to designing water infrastructure, one that seeks to realize socioeconomic project goals in harmony with the environment. The Dutch dredging industry is promoting its application in the Netherlands, but similar concepts are emerging internationally. The Working with Nature concept has been developed under the auspices of the World Association for Waterborn...