The new paradigm in monetary policymaking gives accent to central banks‘ Independence. It is widely accepted that in modern monetary policymaking, central banks have three key goals: price stability, output stability and financial stability. Recent studies on central bank independence mainly investigate the effects of central bank independence on economic stability. But the effectiveness of cen...

The article presents an analysis of the recent dismantling Union South-American Nations (UNASUR) under governments liberal-conservative turn recently experienced in South America. Through mobilization excerpts from speeches by Heads State region, it is possible to note that allegedly “ideological” character UNASUR presented as main justification for leaving institution. Having mind, objective i...

 Many Limit Theorems, Convergence Theorems and Characterization Theorems in Probability and Statistics, in particular those related to normal distribution , are based on the assumption of independence of two or more random variables. However, the full power of independence is not used in the proofs of these Theorems, since it is the distribution of summation of the random variables whic...

let x1;x2;...;xn have a jointly multivariate exchangeable normal distribution. in this work we investigate another proof of the independence of x and s2 using order statistics. we also assume that (xi ; yi); i =1; 2;...; n; jointly distributed in bivariate normal and establish the independence of the mean and the variance of concomitants of order statistics.

this paper tries to survey the independence of central bank of iran and its relationship to inflation by using the data of 56 developing countries during 1990s. the results signifies that there are no significant relationship between inflation and the independence of central banks in these countries. in other words, according to the existing evidences, not all the developing countries with high...