This paper proposes the controller design for a shape memory alloy (SMA) positioning actuator system. The system utilizes spiral-formed SMA wire as driving power source. generates force via temperature-based crystalline phase transitions. is deformed in spiral form under low temperature and heated by applying direct current, it recovers to original recovering force, which rotates attached load....

In his seminal paper on the solution of infiltration equation, Philip (1969), https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4831-9936-8.50010-6 proposed a gravity time, tgrav, to estimate practical convergence time and domain validity infinite series expansion, TSE, for describing transient state. The parameter tgrav refers point in where is dominated equally by capillarity as derived from first two (dominant...

We develop tests for out-of-sample forecast comparisons based on loss functions that contain shape parameters. Examples include using average utility across a range of values the level risk aversion, accuracy characteristics portfolio return weight vector, and recently-proposed “Murphy diagrams” classes consistent scoring rules. An extensive Monte Carlo study verifies our have good size power p...