Mutations in rod opsin, the archetypal G-protein-coupled receptor, cause retinitis pigmentosa. The majority of mutations, e.g. P23H, cause protein misfolding, resulting in ER retention, induction of the unfolded protein response and degradation by ERAD. If misfolded rod opsin escapes degradation, it aggregates and forms intracellular inclusions. Therefore, it is important to identify the chaper...

Rod pathways are a parallel set of synaptic connections which enable night vision by relaying and processing rod photoreceptor light responses. We use dim light stimuli to isolate rod pathway contributions to downstream light responses then characterize these contributions in knockout mice lacking rod transducin-α (Trα), or certain pathway components associated with subsets of rod pathways. The...

29 The retina responds to a wide range of light stimuli by adaptation of retinal signaling to 30 background light intensity and the use of two different photoreceptors: rods that sense dim light 31 and cones that sense bright light. Rods signal to rod bipolar cells that receive significant 32 inhibition from amacrine cells in the dark, especially from a rod bipolar cell activated 33 GABAergic a...

A threshold-like nonlinearity in signal transfer from mouse rod photoreceptors to rod bipolar cells dramatically improves the absolute sensitivity of the rod signals. The work described here reaches three conclusions about the mechanisms generating this nonlinearity. (1) The nonlinearity is caused primarily by saturation of the feedforward rod-to-rod bipolar synapse and not by feedback from hor...

We determined how rod signaling at mesopic light levels is altered by extrinsic temporal white noise that is correlated or uncorrelated with the activity of one (magnocellular, parvocellular, or koniocellular) postreceptoral pathway. Rod and cone photoreceptor excitations were independently controlled using a four-primary photostimulator. Psychometric (Weibull) functions were measured for incre...

Rod photoreceptors contribute to vision over an ∼ 6-log-unit range of light intensities. The wide dynamic range of rod vision is thought to depend upon light intensity-dependent switching between two parallel pathways linking rods to ganglion cells: a rod → rod bipolar (RB) cell pathway that operates at dim backgrounds and a rod → cone → cone bipolar cell pathway that operates at brighter backg...

underlying visual processing in dim light is well conserved. Individual rod photoreceptors, themselves capable of reliably signaling the absorption of individual photons (6, 9), are pooled in a specialized circuitry referred to as the rod bipolar pathway (17, 49). Following a series of convergent connections in this pathway, the ganglion cells, which are the output cells of the retina, send sig...

starting from two-dimensional (2d) equations of motion, discretized formulations for transient behavior of soil-structure interaction problems have been derived. two different dynamic infinite elements taking into account single and two-wave types are presented in transformed space. by coupling the infinite elements with standard finite elements, an ordinary finite element procedure is used for...

Previous assessment of verticality by means of rod and rod and frame tests indicated that human subjects can be more (field dependent) or less (field independent) influenced by a frame placed around a tilted rod. In the present study we propose a new approach to these tests. The judgment of visual verticality (rod test) was evaluated in 50 young subjects (28 males, ranging in age from 20 to 27 ...