The restricted earth fault (REF) relay is a type of differential protection which is used for detection of internal ground faults of power transformers. But, during external faults and transformer energization conditions, the probability of current transformer (CT) saturation increases. Thus, the spurious differential current due to CT saturation, can lead to REF relay maloperation. In this pap...

Automatic obstacle detection is of great significance for improving the safety train operation. However, existing autonomous operation trains mainly depends on signaling control system and lacks extra equipment to perceive environment. To further enhance efficiency widely deployed fully automatic (FAO) systems train, this study proposes an intelligent based deep learning. It collects perceptual...

Many applications that use hyperspectral imagery focus on detection and recognition of targets that occupy a portion of a hyperspectral pixel. We address the problem of sub-pixel target detection by evaluating individual pixels belonging to a hyperspectral image scene. We begin by clustering each pixel into one of n classes based on the minimum distance to a set of n cluster prototypes. These c...

Motion-detection, edge-detection, and orientation-detection often require spatial computation of the light intensity difference between neighboring pixel cells. Pre-processing the image at the retinal level can improve the computational efficiency when the parallel processing can be achieved naturally by the spatial arrangement of the pixel-array. Pixel-arrays that require spatial pre-processin...