Little is known about the distinct roles of the two types of IL-4R on DC. Here we report that IL-4 and IL-13 are able to promote DC maturation, as evaluated by up-regulation of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, when the concentration of GM-CSF is relatively lower than the dose of IL-4 or IL-13. In addition, under these conditions both cytokines enable DC to respond to maturation stimuli...

background: inflammatory response following surgical trauma has long been a matter of study. results, however, have been varied. we sought to assess changes in the levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy and their impact on the clinical outcome of patients concerning the postoperative pain score. methods: the study i...

Psychological hardiness characterizes people who remain healthy under psychosocial stress. The present exploratory study investigates possible links between hardiness and several immune and neuroendocrine markers: IL-6, IL-12, IL-4, IL-10, & neuropeptide-Y. A total of 21 Norwegian navy cadets were studied in the context of a highly stressful military field exercise. Blood samples were collected...