Interleukin (IL)-1 is a key cytokine in inflammatory reactions. To clarify the mechanism of inflammation in the pleural cavity, we investigated the contribution of IL-1 and its antagonism to inflammatory processes in the pleural cavity. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) levels as well as IL-1 beta and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay in pleural ef...

ObjectiveTo summarize recent therapeutic developments for chronic pruritus with a focus on allergic and type 2 inflammatory pathways.Data SourcesLiterature search of PubMed, industry websites, review the ClinicalTrials.gov database.Study SelectionsPeer-reviewed publications public disclosures by relating to pathophysiology therapeutics.ResultsHistamine immunoglobulin E remain primary targets tr...

Background: The use of narcotics such as opium exposes addicts as susceptible targets of different diseases so that they might easily be exposed to different diseases such as fungal infections. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of addiction to opium and fungal infection on plasma levels of certain cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-17, Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) a...

objective(s):although recent investigations have shown chronic inflammation and inflammation-associated diseases might be ameliorated by exercise; little is known about the relation between exercise training with anti/pro-inflammatory cytokines. materials and methods: this cross sectional study was conducted to compare interleukin-4 (il-4), il-6, il-10, il-12, il-13, interferon gamma (ifn-γ) le...

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is an essential cytokine that acts as a potent growth factor of T-cells and supports the B-cell precursors. IL-7 binds to heterodimeric receptor consisting alpha (IL-7Rα) common gamma chain (γc) which shared with IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-15 IL-21. The discovery small-molecule agonists cytokines would be great pharmaceutical interest increasing scientific rationale. In this stud...

Current thought in reproductive endocrinology suggests hat endometriosis-associated subfertility may be the result of an adverse influence of activated immunocompetent cells on fertilization and embryo development. Inflammatory ediators such as interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis actor have been implicated in the pathophysiology of this process. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect ...

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in many regions of Iran, including the city of Mashhad. In recent years, some cases have not responded to Glucantime, the usual treatment for this disease. The cellular immune response caused by T-helper type 1 (Th1) cells has an important role in protection against leishmaniasis, and activation of the T-helper type 2 (Th2) response caus...

the central role of dendritic cells (dcs) as bridging innate and adaptive immunity leads to the expanding use of these cells in the poultry vaccine studies. the most effective way to produce enough dcs is monocyte transformation by combined induction of interleukin-4 (il-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf). in this study full length of chicken il-4 (cil-4) cdna was ...

Introduction: The clinical outcome of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) located in the head and neck has remained poor despite ongoing advances in diagnosis and management. Interleukin-6(IL-6) is a multi-functional cytokine that plays an important role in the process of cell differentiation and is increased in several malignancies. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum le...

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a cytokine involved in T-cell immune responses and well validated therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma, along with other allergic inflammatory diseases. IL-13 signals through ternary signalling complex formed receptors IL-13Rα1 IL-4Rα. This assembled by initially binding IL-13Rα1, followed association binary IL-13:IL-13Rα1 The are shared IL-4, but IL-4 binds ...