We consider a brittle fracture taking account of self-equilibrated distributed stresses existing at microlevel in the absence of external forces. To determine how the latter can affect the crack equilibrium and growth, a model of a structured linearly elastic body is introduced, consisting of two equal symmetrically arranged layers (or half-planes) connected by an interface as a prospective cra...

We have calculated the reorganisation energy for the intramolecular electron transfer between the reduced type 1 copper site and the peroxy intermediate of the trinuclear cluster in the multicopper oxidase CueO. The calculations are performed at the combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) level, based on molecular dynamics simulations with tailored potentials for the two copp...

Determination of energy transport is crucial for understanding the energy budget and fluid circulation in density varying fluids such as the ocean and the atmosphere. However, it is rarely possible to determine the energy flux field J = pu, which requires simultaneous measurements of the pressure and velocity perturbation fields p and u, respectively. We present a method for obtaining the insta...

1. The adverse effects of the transaction on the building of the European energy market_____________7 The erection of dual fuel barriers to entry as an obstacle to the European internal energy market ____8 Fewer incentives for the Europeanisation of energy companies _______________________________9 A likely decrease in cooperation to achieve the construction of the European internal market ____...

Lack of an appropriate energy supply has been thought to induce cell death in a nonspecific manner by causing a decline in metabolism and a gradual cessation of cellular function. In this issue of Cell, Nutt et al. (2005) describe a new mechanism that directly links nutrient availability to apoptosis in Xenopus oocytes and show that age-dependent changes in the nutritional state of a cell might...

Models for internal energy exchange and for chemical reactions developed for DSMC simulations are reviewed. 1.0 INTRODUCTION DSMC [1, 2] is a standard tool for the simulation of rarefied gas flows. It has, therefore found widespread application in the aerospace community for the simulation of high altitude vehicle aerodynamics. New developments and new goals in the field pose new challenges for...

The early stages of C(60) bombardment of octane and octatetraene crystals are modeled using molecular dynamics simulations with incident energies of 5-20 keV. Using the AIREBO potential, which allows for chemical reactions in hydrocarbon molecules, we are able to investigate how the projectile energy is partitioned into changes in potential and kinetic energy as well as how much energy flows in...

We examine mixed-layer deepening and the generation of internal waves in stratified fluid resulting from turbulence that develops in response to an applied surface stress. In laboratory experiments the stress is applied over the breadth of a finite-length tank by a moving roughened conveyor belt. The turbulence in the shear layer is characterized using particle image velocimetry to measure the ...

In this paper we study synchrotron and Self Compton (SSC) emission from internal shocks (IS) during the prompt and X-ray flare phases of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). The aim is to test the IS model for the flare emission and if GRBs can be GeV sources. We determine the parameters for which the IS model can account for the observed prompt and X-ray flares emission, and study the detectability of the...

With gasoline at a record $2.50 a gallon in the United States, and with the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, now is a good time to see where the United States has been and where it might be heading in the near future, in regard to automobiles and government policies to regulate their efficiency. In this paper, I will first look at the recent history of American energy policy as applied...