Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool in neuroscience but has not been adapted to the taste sensory organ due to anatomical constraint. Here we developed an imaging window to facilitate microscopic access to the murine tongue in vivo. Real-time two-photon microscopy allowed the visualization of three-dimensional microanatomy of the intact tongue mucosa and functional activity of taste cells ...

Spinal dorsal horn circuits receive, process, and transmit somatosensory information. To understand how specific components of these circuits contribute to behavior, it is critical to be able to directly modulate their activity in unanesthetized in vivo conditions. Here, we develop experimental tools that enable optogenetic control of spinal circuitry in freely moving mice using commonly availa...

Among various optical fiber distance sensing techniques, optical fiber sensors based on white-light Fabry-Perot interferometry offer the simplest configuration, the highest sensitivity, and the most precise distance measurement. Because a whitelight interferometric sensor can overcome the directional ambiguity problem encountered by the other interferometric techniques, it is especially attract...

This paper describes two important questions of semantics, in the context of accuracy in shape interrogation. The first of these questions is how to give meaning to an internally inconsistent solid description based on the widely used trimmed-surface boundary representation. The second question is the meaning of a request, made to a numerical method, to find a solution to a problem whose parame...

This paper presents the design, simulation, and preliminary measurement of a passive (battery-free) frequency doubling antenna sensor for strain sensing. Illuminated by a wireless reader, the sensor consists of three components, i.e. a receiving antenna with resonance frequency f0, a transmitting antenna with resonance frequency 2f0, and a matching network between the receiving and transmitting...