In induction of systemic and mucosal immunity, particulate antigens are more effective than soluble antigens possibly because they are more efficiently endocytosed by mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) M cells. In this study, we determined the systemic and mucosal immune responses in rabbits following intranasal immunization of tetanus toxoid TT and CpG-ODN encapsulated within PLGA nanos...

In induction of systemic and mucosal immunity, particulate antigens are more effective than soluble antigens possibly because they are more efficiently endocytosed by mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) M cells. In this study, we determined the systemic and mucosal immune responses in rabbits following intranasal immunization of tetanus toxoid TT and CpG-ODN encapsulated within PLGA nanos...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) alters brain function and manifests as brain atrophy. Intranasal insulin has emerged as a promising intervention for treatment of cognitive impairment. We evaluated the acute effects of intranasal insulin on resting-state brain functional connectivity in older adults with T2DM. This proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated th...

BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in the development of atherosclerotic disease. Oral post-menopausal hormone therapy increases serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. This study compared the effects of intranasal and oral administration of 17beta-estradiol (E2) combined with norethisterone acetate (NETA) on markers of inflammation in healthy post-menopausal women. METHODS Ninety...

OBJECTIVE Animal studies indicate a prominent role of brain insulin signaling in the regulation of peripheral energy metabolism. We determined the effect of intranasal insulin, which directly targets the brain, on glucose metabolism and energy expenditure in humans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced within-subject comparison, 19 healthy normal-weight ...

Allergic asthma is characterized by airway inflammation caused by infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells that produce cytokines. Many studies have revealed that c-kit, a proto-oncogene, and its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), play an important role in the development of asthmatic inflammation. Intranasal small interference RNA (siRNA) nanoparticles targeting specific viral gene could...

spinal cord injury alters a number of endogenous biological signals known to be involved in the modulation of neurotrophic and neuroprotective events. nerve growth factor (ngF) is a neurotrophic factor expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues including spinal cord, and increases after spinal cord injury. Recent findings revealed that leptin, an adipocyte-derived cytokine (adipokine), enha...

We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and safety of 1 and 2 mg of intranasal hydromorphone hydrochloride in an open-label, single- and multiple-dose study. This Phase I study was conducted in 24 healthy volunteers (13 men and 11 women). Intranasal doses were delivered as 0.1-mL metered-dose sprays into one or both nostrils for 1- and 2-mg doses, respectively. Venous blood samples wer...

Seven paediatric patients with central diabetes insipidus were studied in an open dose ranging study in hospital followed by a six month study on an outpatient basis to assess the efficacy and safety of peroral administration of DDAVP (desmopressin) tablets. In the dose ranging study a dose dependent antidiuretic response was observed. The response to 12.5-50 mcg was, however, less effective in...

BACKGROUND To evaluate intranasal administration of butorphanol on postoperative pain and early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in old patients undergoing H-uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (H-UPPP). METHODS A total of 260 male patients (65 to 77 years old) with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and scheduled for H-UPPP were divided randomly to receive intranasal butorphanol, intravenous...