We introduce an algebraic structure we call semiquandles whose axioms are derived from flat Reidemeister moves. Finite semiquandles have associated counting invariants and enhanced invariants defined for flat virtual knots and links. We also introduce singular semiquandles and virtual singular semiquandles which define invariants of flat singular virtual knots and links. As an application, we u...

We prove that braid invariants coming from quantum gl(N) separate braids, by recalling that these invariants (properly decomposed) are all Vassiliev invariants, showing that all Vassiliev invariants of braids arise in this way, and reproving that Vassiliev invariants separate braids. We discuss some corollaries of this result and of our method of proof.

Automatic generation of state invariants, properties that hold in every reachable state of a state machine model, can be valuable in software development. Not only can such invariants be presented to system users for validation, in addition, they can be used as auxiliary assertions in proving other invariants. This paper describes an algorithm for the automatic generation of state invariants th...

Typically, to study the effects of consecutive earthquakes, it is necessary to consider definite intensity levels of the first shock. Methods commonly used to define intensity involve scaling the first shock to a specified maximum interstorey drift. In this study the structure’s predefined elastic spectral acceleration caused by the first shock is also considered for scaling. This study aims to...

In this paper, we constructed relationships with the differents 2D elasticity tensor invariants. Indeed, let ${\bf A}$ be a tensor. Rotation group action leads to pair of Lax in linear elasticity. This five independent invariants chosen among six. The definite positive criteria are established determined We believe that approach finds interesting applications, as one elastic material classifica...

Endurance Time Method (ET) is a dynamic analysis in which structures are subjected to intensifying accelerograms that are optimized in a way that seismic performance of structures can be estimated at different hazard levels with the best possible accuracy. For the currently available ET accelerograms, regardless of the shaking characteristic, an excitation level is recognized as a representativ...

Delta finite-type invariants are defined analogously to finite-type invariants, using delta moves instead of crossing changes. We show that they are closely related to the lower central series of the commutator subgroup of the pure braid group. 0. INTRODUCTION We consider in this paper delta finite-type invariants of knots and links (∆FT invari-ants). In the case of links, these are the same in...

We investigate Vassiliev homotopy invariants of string links, and find that in this particular case, most of the questions left unanswered in [3] can be answered affirmatively. In particular, Vassiliev invariants classify string links up to homotopy, and all Vassiliev homotopy string link invariants come from marked surfaces as in [3], using the same construction that in the case of knots gives...