This article endeavors to identify the strongest versions of the two primary arguments against epistemic scientific realism: the historical argument—generally dubbed “the pessimistic meta-induction”—and the argument from underdetermination. It is shown that, contrary to the literature, both can be understood as historically informed but logically validmodus tollensarguments. After specifying th...

liberalism as the basic ideology of the most western political orders has believed in its basic principals to fundamental human rights including the privacy and the realm that should be privileged from any one especially the public authority. however the public authorities frequently in the excuse of protection of the order and security or the necessity situation have confined the liberties and...

The semantic view of theories is one according to which theories are construed as models of their linguistic formulations. The implications of this view for scientific realism have been little discussed. Contrary to the suggestion of various champions of the semantic view, it is argued that this approach does not make support for a plausible scientific realism any less problematic than it might...

To date, The Arabian Nights still create frames of reference outside its fictive core. article critically examined the adaptations and appropriation classic by Edgar Allan Poe how he invested his interest in Orient to advance career as a writer. More specifically, aim was study links between European Orientalism new version constructed United States. Various modes reading approaches were used i...

The present study probed 409 Iranian English as foreign language (EFL) learners' motivation and attitude toward English as an International Language (EIL) by investigating the causal relationships of their facets via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). To do so, the Persian version of the ‘attitudes toward EIL’ scale was designed and validated. It measures five constructs of: cultural realism, ...