BACKGROUND Although breast cancer imposes a considerable economic burden on high-income countries, there is limited knowledge about its economic burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMCs), including Iran. In this study, we estimated the economic burden of breast cancer in Iran in 2010. METHODS We used the prevalence-based approach and estimated the direct and indirect costs of all brea...

Open source software (OSS) presents opportunities and challenges for developers to exploit its commons based licensing regime by creating specializations of a software technology to address plurality of goals and priorities. By ‘forking’ a new branch of development separate from the main project, development diverges into a path in order to relieve tensions related to specialization, which late...

For N ≥ 3 there are SN and DN actions on the space of solutions of the first nontrivial equation in the SL(N) MKdV hierarchy, generalizing the two Z2 actions on the space of solutions of the standard MKdV equation. These actions survive scaling reduction, and give rise to transformation groups for certain (systems of) ODEs, including the second, fourth and fifth Painlevé equations. Given a solu...