BACKGROUND The eye is one of the most sensitive organs to sulfur mustard (SM) [C4H8Cl2S], and preliminary symptoms of exposure usually become evident in the eyes. In this study we aim to evaluate the possible long-term retinal electrophysiologic complications of SM poisoning in Iranian veterans during Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). METHODS In a cross-sectional study forty Iranian veterans who wer...

E nergy analysts sometimes speak of oil’s “golden era,” that 100-year stretch between 1874 and 1974 when the real price was relatively stable within a range from $10 to $20 per barrel (BP, 2008) in 2007 dollars. Figure 1 shows that in recent decades, that stability has ended. In October 1973, several Arabic members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announced that i...

this essay with a historical look reviews the use of chemical weapons in the world wars i and ii and other limited wars before this imposed war against iran. then, it explains the international regulations on prohibition and non-proliferation of chemical weapons. regarding iran-iraq war, the use of these weapons against iranian military forces and civilians as well as iraqi people is discussed....

BACKGROUND Providing care to a disable relative at home exposes the caregiver to a potentially higher risk of physical and mental problems. We measured health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and its determinants among the caregivers of the Iranian survivors of the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) with bilateral lower-limb amputation. METHODS Data were collected from 464 individuals comprising war-re...

BACKGROUND This study sought to review the articles published by Iranian neurosurgeons regarding their experiences during the Iraq-Iran conflict and compare them with reports from other conflicts. METHODS We searched databases (MEDLINE and 2 Iranian databases, namely IranMedex and Scientific Information Database, up to December 2011) and references for relevant studies. The search terms inclu...

The present study concerns editing of translations in Iran during the Iran-Iraq War,which in the official discourse of the country is known as the Sacred Defense. Itargues that editing, in its local sense, advocated a linguistic purism inspired by aredefined nationalism, which went hand in hand with identity politics andsnowballed into a movement of resistance.

this paper intends to explore the causes of the civil war in tajikistan which erupted after its independence in 1992. the civil war went on for nearly four years inflicting thousands of injuries, loss of lives and damages to the country. the paper shows the more social and ethnical roots of the civil war and finally demonstrates the positive role whish the islamic republic of iran played n impo...

Chemical weapons have given the human experience of warfare a uniquely terrifying quality that has inspired a general repugnance and led to periodic attempts to ban their use. Nevertheless, since ancient times, toxic agents have been consistently employed to kill and terrorize target populations. The evolution of these weapons is examined here in ways that may allow military, law enforcement, a...

Burning of nearly 700 Kuwaiti oil wells and storage tanks during the Persian Gulf war made a severe impact on the environment of the region by emitting about 5000 tons of smoke daily. The fall out of smoke plumes in forms of dry and wet deposition reached even to the center and north of Iran. The majority of the rich and productive rangelands in the southern parts of Iran were strongly marked b...