Crop production is a process of multiple inputs (water and nutrients, etc.), and the relationships between the inputs and crop yield are very complex. This study used a model for data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the efficiency of irrigation-fertilization schemes for winter wheat in North China. The field experiments were conducted at the Xiaohe Irrigation Experiment Station in Centra...

Successful irrigation management of tree and vine crops to control soil salinity requires adequate leaching, which is defined as sufficient water to remove excess salts from the root zone above that required to meet crop demand. Excess salts decrease growth and yield in trees and vines and may lead to more severe effects such as leaf bum and even plant death. The salt tolerances of many crops h...

BACKGROUND Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) for combat wounds is controversial. Current military practice favors its use, despite scant supporting evidence. OBJECTIVE To analyze outcomes of combat casualties returned to duty after initial wound care for penetrating trauma, comparing infection rates based on whether SAP was administered and whether wounds were irrigated. SETTING Forward...

OBJECTIVE One or two burr-hole craniostomies with subgaleal or subdural drainage system and irrigation are the most common methods for surgical treatment of CSDH. The aim of this study is to compare the advantages or disadvantages of these techniques used for CSDH. METHODS Seventy patients were treated by burr-hole subdural drainage or subgaleal drainage system with irrigation. Our patients w...

PURPOSE To assess the prevalence and extent of irrigation fluid absorption during thulium laser vaporization of the prostate. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-four patients undergoing thulium laser vaporization of the prostate were prospectively included into the trial at a tertiary referral center. Isotonic saline containing 1% ethanol was used for intraoperative irrigation. Absorption of irrigati...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To determine the tolerability of xylitol mixed with water as a nasal irrigant and to evaluate whether xylitol nasal irrigation results in symptomatic improvement of subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis. STUDY DESIGN A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled crossover pilot study. METHODS Twenty subjects were instructed to perform sequential 10-day courses o...

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two instrumentation and irrigant techniques in smear-layer removal from root canals. Methodology: Thirty single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 (continuous irrigation) was prepared using Selfadjusting file, and group 2 (manual irrigation; conventional needle irrigation) was prepared using with ProTaper f...

Introduction: Vasectomy is the safest and most reliable method of all the contraception methods, but azoospermia is not achieved immediately by this method. We decided to determine whether irrigation of the vas deferens with sterile water or hypertonic saline solution irrigation during vasectomy would reduce the time needed to obtain azoospermia. Materials and Methods: A total of 126 fertile me...