Vitamin K2 is widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis in Japan. To understand the effects of vitamin K2 on bone mass and bone metabolism, we reviewed its effects on the development of osteopenia in rats, which characterizes models of osteoporosis. Vitamin K2 was found to attenuate the increase in bone resorption and/or maintain bone formation, reduce bone loss, protect against the loss of...

Introduction : Two types of vitamin K occur in nature: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone, 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), which is derived from plants, and vitamin K2 (menaquinones), a series of vitamers with multiisoprene units at the 3-position. Vitamin K2 activates osteoblasts to enhance calcification, acts as a coenzyme of γ-carboxylase for the Gla protein, and is also reported to inhibit bo...

Introduction: High heel shoes affect the knee joint and can cause arthritis in the tibiofemoral (TFJ) and patellofemoral joints (PFJ). There is a dearth of research investigating the contact forces of TFJ and PFJ. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of high heel shoes on muscle forces as well as TFJ, and PFJ contact forces during walking.   Materials & Methods: A tot...

We investigate the dynamics of the sine-Gordon solitons perturbed by spatiotemporal external forces. We prove the existence of internal (shape) modes of sine-Gordon solitons when they are in the presence of inhomogeneous space-dependent external forces, provided some conditions (for these forces) hold. Additional periodic time-dependent forces can sustain oscillations of the soliton width. We s...

Evaporation phenomena is a effective climate component on water resources management and has special importance in agriculture. In this paper, Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) as a non-linear modeling technique provide an evaporation estimation  method under uncertainty. As a case study, we estimated the surface water evaporation of the Persian Gulf and worked with a dataset of observations ...

In order to further investigate the radical scavenging and anti-arteriosclerotic activities of vitamin K2 and estradiol, the comparative effects of vitamin K2 and estradiol on aortic calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (P) levels in the aorta and the elastin fraction (fr.) were investigated in male rats after experimental arteriosclerosis with diabetes mellitus was induced by vitamin D2 and r...

The competition between alpha- and beta+/EC-decay modes is studied systematically in nuclei along the alpha-decay chains following synthesis of superheavy with Z = 119 120. A microscopic approach based on deformed self-consistent Hartree-Fock mean-field calculations Skyrme forces pairing correlations used to describe beta+ electron capture weak decays, whereas estimated from existing phenomenol...