PURPOSE This study investigated whether past tense use could differentiate children with language impairment (LI) from their typically developing (TD) peers when English is children's second language (L2) and whether L2 children's past tense profiles followed the predictions of Bybee's (2007) usage-based network model. METHOD A group of L2 children with LI (L2-LI) and a matched group of L2-TD...

Based on the controversial beliefs among L2 teachers about effective corrective feedback (CF) strategies, recast and prompts as 2 kinds of CF have drawn the attention of L2 researchers(e.g., Braidi, 2002; Iwashita, 2003; Loewen & Philp, 2006; Panova & Lyster, 2002; Sheen, 2004). Despite these numbers of studies, debate continues to exist about their usefulness as a CF technique. Whereas recasts...

a term in one language rarely has an absolute synonymous meaning in the same language; besides, it rarely has an equivalent meaning in an l2. english synonyms of seeing and hearing are particularly grammatically and semantically different. frame semantics is a good tool for discovering differences between synonymous words in l2 and differences between supposed l1 and l2 equivalents. vocabulary ...

Interneurons in layers 2/3 are excited by pyramidal cells within the same layer (Reyes et al., 1998; Gupta et al., 2000), but little is known about translaminar innervation of these interneurons by spiny neurons in the main cortical input layer 4 (L4). Here, we investigated (1) how efficiently L4 spiny neurons excite L2/3 interneurons via monosynaptic connections, (2) whether glutamate release ...

7.1.1 L2 Gain for Continuous Time Signals Let S be a behavioral model of a continuous time system (i.e. S is a subset of the set L of all n-dimensional signals – locally square integrable functions v : [0,∞) 7→ R. Let Lw and Le be two fixed real matrices of dimension m-by-n and k-by-n respectively. For every v ∈ S, equalities w = Lwv and e = Lev define two signals w and e which can be viewed as...

Insulin promotes glucose uptake into skeletal muscle through recruitment of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. Rab GTPases are molecular switches mobilizing intracellular vesicles, and Rab13 is necessary for insulin-regulated GLUT4-vesicle exocytic translocation in muscle cells. We show that Rab13 engages the scaffold protein MICAL-L2 in this process. RNA interference-mediate...

This longitudinal study tracked the neuro-cognitive changes associated with second language (L2) grammar learning in adults in order to investigate how L2 processing is shaped by a learner's first language (L1) background and L2 proficiency. Previous studies using event-related potentials (ERPs) have argued that late L2 learners cannot elicit a P600 in response to L2 grammatical structures that...

This study examined the relation between musical ability and second-language (L2) proficiency in adult learners. L2 ability was assessed in four domains: receptive phonology, productive phonology, syntax, and lexical knowledge. Also assessed were various other factors that might explain individual differences in L2 ability, including age of L2 immersion, patterns of language use and exposure, a...

The paper presents a novel learning algorithm for the class of L2 Support Vector Machines classifiers dubbed Direct L2 SVM. The proposed algorithm avoids solving the quadratic programming problem and yet, it produces both the same exact results as the classic quadratic programming based solution in a significantly shorter CPU time. The connections between various L2 SVM algorithms will be highl...

In the field of second language (L2) production, phonetic investigations of L2 fricatives are rare due to the complexity of establishing similarities and differences between L1 and L2 fricatives. The study of English /s/ production by L2 Thai learners has not received much attention, as researchers on L2 English have typically believed that learners would produce this sound with ease due to the...