To investigate whether spatial learning complies with associative learning theories or with theories of cognitive mapping, rats were trained in three experiments exploring the effect of variations in spatial predictive relationships. In experiment 1, it was found that making one of two landmarks the sole spatial predictor of reward, by varying the spatial relationship between reward and other c...

This study deals with the influence landmark information has on the foraging behaviour of the desert ant, Cataglyphis fortis, especially with the interaction of such landmark information with the ants' path integration system. We show in the first experiment that desert ants that are captured immediately after leaving their nest and then transferred to a remote test area search for the nest rat...

Many people take pictures of different city landmarks and post them to photo-sharing systems like Flickr. They also add tags and place photos in Flickr groups, created around particular themes. Using tags, other people can search for representative landmark images of places of interest. Searching for landmarks using tags results into many non-landmark photos and provides poor landmark summary f...

A novel approach to location estimation by omni-directional vision for autonomous vehicle navigation in indoor environments using circular landmark information is proposed. A circular-shaped landmark is attached on a ceiling and an omni-directional camera is equipped on a vehicle to take upwardlooking omni-directional images of the landmark. This way of image taking reduces possible landmark sh...

Manual landmark positioning in volumetric image data is a complex task and often results in erroneous landmark positions. The landmark positioning tool presented uses image curvature features to precompute suitable candidates for landmark positions on surface data of anatomical structures. A force-feedback I/O device is then used to haptically guide the user during the definition of the correct...

An intergroup comparison of cephalometric landmark configurations by the finite-element method elegantly depicts the algebra of some of the size and shape change measures that one may define by reference to those landmarks. In studies of mean differences between groups, the statistical analysis of these finite elements is equivalent to competent statistical analysis of the same data using any o...

A combinatorial optimization algorithm for detecting multiple anatomical landmarks is presented. It can determine the positions of over 100 landmarks concurrently, taking spatial correlations of all landmark pairs into account. Provided that a set of landmark candidate lists is given by sensitivity-optimized single-landmark detectors, the proposed algorithm can find the most probable combinatio...

Visual fashion analysis has attracted many attentions in the recent years. Previous work represented clothing regions by either bounding boxes or human joints. This work presents fashion landmark detection or fashion alignment, which is to predict the positions of functional key points defined on the fashion items, such as the corners of neckline, hemline, and cuff. To encourage future studies,...

The fast development of Internet and personal electronic devices has led to a dramatic growth of landmark images available on social media sites such as Flickr. With their informative and attractive content, landmark images have received considerable attention in multimedia research community. Most of existing methods focus on exploring landmark images by their spatial distribution, while large...

In this paper, we propose an efficient method for extracting lip contour. Lip shape deformation is modeled by a statistically deformable model based on Active Shape Model(ASM). In the traditional ASM, each landmark point is moved independently to the best matching point with lip profile model, so it deforms the lip shape to implausible one in many cases and may cause many errors for extracting ...