the presence of european physicians in iran during the qajar period had political and religious dimensions, in addition to its health aspects. different segments of iranian society had a very hard life due to the increasing epidemics and relative ineffectiveness of traditional medicine in the treatment of diseases. being accomplished through an analytic-descriptive method, the present research ...

Iranian vernacular architecture has rich experiences in terms of coordinating with its surroundings. although, high energy consumption was one the major concerns past decades. According to statistics presented by Statistics Center, 40% country's is relevant construction industry. However, about 70% used solely for space heating and cooling. In meantime, windows have a significant influence on t...

Abstract
 In this study, bowl, plate, bowls, tray, inkwells, medicine containers (albarello), jar and jugs produced with monochromatic glazed, sgraffito underglaze decoration techniques belonging to the Islamic period in Van Museum are discussed. Very few examples among works examined were unearthed during excavations of Castle Old City Van. A large part ceramics was brought museum through...

constructing houses in the form of garden-house became popular among statesmen and the privileged class in naseri period. iranian traditional houses which used to be formed around a central courtyard, now were organized around a garden. so the transition from houses with courtyard to garden-houses created a new order of relationships between spaces, resulted in redefining spaces and their forms...

Employing IT as the key enable technology, virtual organization (VO) is primarily characterized as being a network of independent, geographically dispersed organizations (member organization) providing electronic services via Internet. To align these services effectively, one of the main challenges is to model cooperation in VO and provide correspondent management tools. Here we present a VOC (...