The ethical, social, psychological, legal and financial complexities associated with cross-border travel for reproductive services are gaining attention internationally. Travel abroad for surrogacy, and the transfer of gametes or embryos between countries for use in a surrogacy arrangement, can create conflict in relation to the rights of the parties involved: commissioning parents, surrogates ...

Medical migration sees the providers of medical services (in particular medical practitioners) moving from one region or country to another. This creates problems for the provision of public health and medical services and poses challenges for laws in the nation state and for laws in the global community.There exists a global shortage of healthcare professionals. Nation states and health rights...

Most industrialized countries have increased access to abortion over the past 30 years. Economic theory predicts that abortion laws affect sexual behavior since they change the marginal cost of having risky sex. We use gonorrhea incidence as a metric of risky sexual behavior. Using a panel of 41 North American, European and Central Asian countries over the period 1980-2000, we estimate the impa...

Natural reserves are of great environmental importance as well being an economic and social resource, their sites distinguished a unique geographical area, those with biodiversity, or other matters. Countries enact laws, regulations, legislation regarding these nature to protect them from deterioration, abuse, over-exploitation natural resources. From here began the research problem represented...

Anecdotal evidence suggests that uncontrolled managers let wages rise above competitive levels. To test this belief, we examine the wage impact of antitakeover legislation passed throughout the 1980s in many states. Since many view hostile takeovers as an important disciplining device, these laws, by reducing takeover threats, potentially raised managerial discretion. If uncontrolled managers p...

Conducting international e-business requires knowledge about the privacy and consumer protection laws, and regulations that affect transacting parties. To support this requirement, we describe a high-level organization for a Web-privacy ontology composed of a hierarchical organization of formal laws and acts, informal cultural guidelines and standards for business in general, and specific legis...

Effective implementation and enforcement of legislation is essential to ensure animal welfare. In the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) European Region the well-established body of national and European Union laws in existence is growing continuously. The growth is due to various factors, such as new technology in animal farming and experimentation, exploitation of wildlife, new unders...

Many U.S. states have passed legislation providing leave to organ and bone marrow donors and/or tax benefits for live and deceased organ and bone marrow donations and to employers of donors. We exploit cross-state variation in the timing of such legislation to analyze its impact on organ donations by living and deceased persons, on measures of the quality of the transplants, and on the number o...

• The transportation and consumption of oil and natural gas in the continental United States may be directly affected by new regulations and legislation, including (1) the Clean Power Plan proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (2) railcar rules proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), and (3) proposed laws related to the controversial Keystone XL Pipeline e...

Greater training and specialization in working with children exposed to domestic violence has resulted in new policies, interagency protocols, and legislation in many states. This paper examines court-related responses in criminal, child protection, and family court custody proceedings, which highlight legislative changes and resulting systemic change. Although this legislation originated with ...