Abstmct-Multilevel constructions of the binary Golay code and the Leech lattice are described. Both constructions are based upon the prvjection of the Golay code and the Leech lattice onto the (6,3,4) hexacode over GF(4). However, unlike the previously reported constructiods, the new multilevel constructions make the three levels independent by way of using a didlerent set of coset representati...

Anti-P2P companies have begun to launch Internet attacks against BitTorrent swarms. In this paper, we analyze how successful these attacks are at impeding the distribution of targeted files. We present the results of both passive and active measurements. For our active measurements, we developed a crawler that contacts all the peers in any given swarm, determines whether the swarm is under atta...

BACKGROUND Common causes for unilateral nasal bleeding in adults are benign or malignant tumours, deviated nasal septum, nasal trauma and foreign bodies. Nasal leech infestation has not been identified as a cause of nasal bleeding in most of the textbooks of Ear Nose and Throat. Over 3 years, at Combined Military Hospital Muzaffarabad, and Combined Military Hospital Abbottabad, we have dealt wi...

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of neurophysiology, neuroethology, and developmental biology. The goal of this report is to consolidate experimental techniques from the leech system into a single article that will be of use to physiologists with expertise in other nervous system preparations...

Microglia are intrinsic components of the central nervous system (CNS). During pathologies in mammals, inflammatory processes implicate the resident microglia and the infiltration of blood cells including macrophages. Functions of microglia appear to be complex as they exhibit both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects during neuropathological conditions in vivo and in vitro. The medicinal lee...

Following trauma, the CNS of the medicinal leech, unlike the mammalian CNS, has a strong capacity to regenerate neurites and synaptic connections that restore normal function. In this study, we show that this regenerative process is enhanced by a controlled bacterial infection, suggesting that induction of regeneration of normal CNS function may depend critically upon the coinitiation of an imm...

It is widely considered that most organisms cannot survive prolonged exposure to temperatures below 0°C, primarily because of the damage caused by the water in cells as it freezes. However, some organisms are capable of surviving extreme variations in environmental conditions. In the case of temperature, the ability to survive subzero temperatures is referred to as cryobiosis. We show that the ...

1. Confirming the observations of other experimenters, it has been found that group A hemolytic streptococci produce a capsule containing a polysaccharide which is similar to, if not identical with, certain high molecular weight sugars found in the mammalian body. 2. Leech extract possesses a powerful enzyme capable of splitting one of the linkages in this polysaccharide and of decapsulating gr...

We have investigated the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the membrane resting potential of the leech (Haemopis sanguisuga) Retzius nerve cells (RNC). The membrane potential of RNC of isolated ganglia was recorded in Ringer solution, in SNP solution during the next 30 minutes and after washing out with Ringer solution. We used 1 mmol/L, 2 mmol/L and 5 mmol/L solutions of SNP. Kruskal-Wal...

BitTorrent communities, both public and private, are immensely popular in the Internet, with tens of millions of users simultaneously active at any given moment. Public and private BitTorrent communities are managed in different ways – for instance, some private communities enforce sharing ratios, have strict rules for content management, have a certain level of community oversight, and maintai...