Green buildings (i.e., LEED certified buildings) emphasize access to daylight and views for occupants’ wellbeing, comfort, productivity. Window glazing allows but is often detrimental birds. Annually, up a billion bird in the United States die due window collisions. A comprehensive literature review data analysis of methods deterring collisions was conducted determine solutions limit deaths at ...

Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is considered as elastic electron-atom scattering (EEAS) operating in a target crystal waveguide, where signal carrier wave wavenumber modulated by exchange-correlation (XC) interaction. A potential designed using KKR (Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker) muffin-tin (MT) model built on overlapping MT spheres that implement atoms with double degree of freedom, radius an...

The calculation of LEED intensities in a spherical-wave representation can be substantially simplified by symmetry relations. The wave field around each atom is expanded in symmetry-adapted functions where the local point symmetry of the atomic site applies. For overlayer systems with more than one atom per unit cell symmetry-adapted functions can be used when the division of the crystal into m...

The adsorption geometry of 1,3,5-tris(4-mercaptophenyl)benzene (TMB) on Cu(111) is determined with high precision using two independent methods, experimentally by quantitative low energy electron diffraction (LEED-I(V)) and theoretically by dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT-vdW). Structural refinement using both methods consistently results in similar adsorption sites and geom...

In order to carry out a successful commissioning exercise, it is important to plan the activity carefully and make sure all objectives are clear and that procedures are documented properly (Lawson, 1991; Choat, 1993). Certification programs such as LEED have helped promote commissioning and have their own particular criteria (Tseng et al., 2002). Some buildings may require formal validation pro...

Acetate adsorbs on Pd(111) as a disordered overlayer. We have used a recently developed LEED I/V technique that allows the structure of disordered molecular overlayers to be examined to determine the structure of acetate adsorbed on Pd(111). Our experimental results are compared with plane-wave Density Functional Theory calculations. The calculated and observed adsorption geometries are in exce...