We give mathematical reformulations of the cardinals p and t in terms of families of Borel functions. As an application we show that t is invariant under the addition of a single Cohen real.

We give a general recipe for explicitly constructing asymptotically optimal towers of modular curves such as {X0(l)}n>1. We illustrate the method by giving equations for eight towers with various geometric features. We conclude by observing that such towers are all of a specific recursive form and speculate that perhaps every tower of this form which attains the Drinfeld-Vlăduţ bound is modular...

design and construction of efficient and economic reinforced concrete (r.c.) hyperbolic cooling towers have driven the engineers toward the design of tall and thin-shell towers which have considerable high slenderness aspect ratio. consequently, the shell of r.c. cooling towers with relative high slenderness aspect ratio is extremely prone to buckling instability due to wind loading. to increas...

The dynamics of human running can be modeled as a simple spring-mass system (McMahon and Cheng, 1990; Blickhan 1989). This model is highly robust in its ability to describe the dynamics of bouncing gaits in animals with 2, 4, 6, or even 8 legs (Blickhan and Full, 1993; Cavagna, G.A. et al., 1977). Independent studies have shown that one-legged and two-legged hopping both exhibit linear relation...

Sony has provided a remarkable platform for re search and development in robotic agents namely fully autonomous legged robots In this paper we describe our work using Sony s legged robots to participate at the RoboCup legged robot demonstration and com petition Robotic soccer represents a very challenging environment for research into systems with multiple robots that need to achieve concrete o...

Habitat fragmentation is one of the main drivers of global amphibian decline. Anthropogenic landscape elements can act as barriers, hindering the dispersal that is essential for maintaining gene flow between populations. Dispersal ability can be influenced by locomotor performance, which in turn can depend on morphological traits, such as hindlimb length (HLL) in amphibians. Here, we tested rel...

Sony has provided a remarkable platform for research and development in robotic agents, namely fully autonomous legged robots. In this paper, we describe our work using Sony's legged robots to participate in the RoboCup'98 legged robot demonstration and competition. The robots are fully autonomous with on-board vision, control, and navigation. The challenges we addressed in this framework inclu...

exergy analysis and response surface methodology (rsm) is applied to reduce the exergy loss and improve energy and exergy efficiency of acetic acid production plant. exergy analysis is run as a thermodynamic tool to assess exergy loss in reactor and towers of acetic acid production process. the process is simulated in aspen plus(v.8.4) simulator and the necessary thermodynamics data for calcula...

Elastically-suspended loads can reduce the energetic cost of legged robot locomotion over flat ground. In this paper, we studied the effect of elastically-suspended loads on the mobility of legged robot locomotion over rough terrain. The power input and speed of a simple hexapod robot running over rough terrain with an elastically-suspended load and a rigidly-attached load was compared. On aver...