This paper presents an algorithm that redirects proofs by contradiction. The input is a refutation graph, as produced by an automatic theorem prover (e.g., E, SPASS, Vampire, Z3); the output is a direct proof expressed in natural deduction extendedwith case analyses and nested subproofs. The algorithm is implemented in Isabelle’s Sledgehammer, where it enhances the legibility of machine-generat...

Background Patient education (PE) is as important as medical and surgical interventions in the management of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Patient information leaflets (PILs) are globally accepted patient counseling aids. Objectives This study aimed at developing PILs for DFU patients and investigating its validation. Methods The PILs were prepared based on different model leaflets available f...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differences among each state's Interstate Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (ICVI) form and the legibility of data on paper ICVIs used to support disease tracing in cattle. DESIGN Descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study. SAMPLE Examples of ICVIs from 50 states and 7,630 randomly sampled completed paper ICVIs for cattle from 48 states. PROCEDURES Differ...

Standstill behavior by a robot is deemed to be ineffective and inefficient convey robot’s intention yield priority another party in spatial interaction. Instead, robots could their thus next action via motion. We developed back-off (BO) movement communicate the of yielding pedestrians at bottlenecks. To evaluate human sensory perception subjective legibility, BO compared three other motion stra...

Writing on the board is an important part of a lecture. Lecturers’ handwriting is not always perfect. Usually, a lecturer can write slower and more legibly, this will increase understandability but slow down the lecture. In this paper, we analyze an optimal trade-off between speed and legibility. c ⃝2012 World Academic Press, UK. All rights reserved.

Using a visual acuity criterion for legibility, outline fonts are about 82% less legible than their solid counterparts. Crowding effects are similar for the two types of fonts. Both sets of results can be adequately explained by contrast sensitivity of visual channels serving 1-4 c/character.

It is proposed to use irregularity, the scale invariant index based on the ideas of fractal geometry to assess the spatial features of font drawings. The index is sensitive to the shape of characters in the font, which affects text legibility. Preliminary results have shown promising application of the proposed index for classifying fonts by reading speeds.

PURPOSE To investigate the effect of various presbyopic vision corrections on nighttime driving performance on a closed-road driving circuit. METHODS Participants were 11 presbyopes (mean age, 57.3+/-5.8 years), with a mean best sphere distance refractive error of R+0.23+/-1.53 DS and L+0.20+/-1.50 DS, whose only experience of wearing presbyopic vision correction was reading spectacles. The s...

Contributors: AH and DK designed, initiated, and coordinated the study. DP assisted with the design, interpretation, and direction of the study. FP collected the data and assisted with their analysis and interpretation. The paper was written jointly by AH, DK, DP, and FP. AH and DK are guarantors for this study. Funding: Cambridge and Huntingdon Health Authority. Conflict of interest: None. 1 F...