The paper presents the problem of choosing the representatives in an assembly when the whole electoral region is subdivided into electoral districts. Because of the two dimensions, geographical (districts) and political (parties), the problem is called bi-apportionment. The main focus of the paper is to discuss fairness and proportionality axioms as well as their implementation.

We introduce the first family of district compactness measures that can incorporate a wide range of internal geographic features. The measures in this family are the probability that a district contains an admissible path between a randomly selected pair of people. The measure can account for roads, travel time, political boundaries, and prior districts. This family of measures includes the pat...

I. Legislative Basis and Relationship to Federal Programs and Regulations ............................................................................. 1–4 A. Legislative Basis ................................................................................................... 1–4 B. Relationship to Earlier HUD Guidelines .......................................................... 1–4 C. Intended...

The most fascinating claim of the genetic algorithm is that apportionment of credit to schemata is accomplished implicitly, with no information explicitly revealed about which schemata are being favored or disfavored. From a philosophical perspective, this idea makes a claim about what is knowable or rather unknowable about evolution, especially in terms of what is good and bad within us.

Position-dependent concentrations of trichloroethylene and methyl-tert-butyl ether are considered for a 2.81-km section of the Aberjona River in Massachusetts, USA. This river flows through Woburn and Winchester (Massachusetts, USA), an area that is highly urbanized, has a long history of industrial activities dating to the early 1800s, and has gained national attention because of contamination...