Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are common among active individuals. The avascular structure of ligaments prevents natural healing; therefore, reconstructive surgery is often performed. Current surgical options include use of either an autograft composed of the patient’s hamstring tendons or bonepatellar tendon-bone complex (BPTB), or an allograft composed of a cadaver BPTB. Despite i...

In light of the controversy reported in previous studies, we conducted this study with the objective of using macroscopy and light microscopy to elucidate the morphology of the discomallear ligament and detail its topographic relationship with other fibrous structures of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Two human fetuses with 36 and 37 weeks of intrauterine life were used. Bundles of longitud...

In a study combining tissue mechanics and fracture morphology for the first time, we examined the ruptured surfaces of anterior cruciate ligaments of rabbits and related their appearance to the initial loading conditions. Sixteen specimens were stretched to failure at rates of displacement of 10 and 500 mm/min. We used video images to study the changes which occurred during the fracture process...

Acute lateral ankle ligament injuries are common. If left untreated, they can result in chronic instability. Nonsurgical measures, including functional rehabilitation, are the management methods of choice for acute injuries, with surgical intervention reserved for high-demand athletes. Chronic lateral ankle instability is multifactorial. Failed nonsurgical management after appropriate rehabilit...

In the present study the stiffness of the superficial ligaments of 14 human cadaver wrist joints have been determined. In these experiments the tested, fresh-frozen carpal joints are divided into a number of bone-ligament-bone complexes, which are loaded in a tensile testing machine at a rate of 66% of the ligaments' initial length per second to a maximal strain of 15%. From the force-elongatio...

Knee ligaments are elastic bands of soft tissue with a complex microstructure and biomechanics, which are critical to determine the kinematics as well as the stress bearing behavior of the knee joint. Their correct implementation in terms of material models and properties is therefore necessary in the development of finite element models of the knee, which has been performed for decades for the...

This article provides a critical review of past and current techniques for the computational modeling of ligaments and tendons. A brief overview of relevant concepts from the fields of continuum mechanics and finite element analysis is provided. The structure and function of ligaments and tendons are reviewed in detail, with emphasis on the relationship of microstructural tissue features to the...

INTRODUCTION Acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations are common injuries seen in athletes or laborers in which the AC capsule and coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments are both ruptured [1]. Both surgical and conservative treatments have similar outcomes [2], with both treatments having no guidelines for rehabilitation. The CC ligaments, trapezoid and conoid, have greater structural properties than ...

During knee motion, the fiber bundles of ligaments are nonuniformly loaded in a recruitment pattern which is different for successive knee-joint positions. As a result, the restraining functions of these ligaments are variable. To analyze the relative restraint contributions of the fiber bundles in different knee-joint positions, a new method was developed. Its application was illustrated for t...

The ligaments were considered, over several centuries, as the major restraints of the joints, keeping the associated bones in position and preventing instability, e.g. their separation from each other and/or mal-alignment. This project, conducted over 25 years, presents the following hypothesis: 1. Ligaments are also major sensory organs, capable of monitoring relevant kinesthetic and proprioce...