Extensive extinction greatly reduces response rate and increases the relative frequency of short interresponse times, but does not affect temporal learning or operant response rate. In each of two experiments, 24 rats were trained in a multiple cued interval procedure with three stimuli (noise, light, and clicker) at three intervals (30, 60, and 120 sec). In Experiment 1, after 50 sessions of e...

We numerically investigate how fundamental properties of the spectral energy distribution (SED) of a major gas-rich galaxy merger with dusty starburst are determined by the initial orbital configuration of the merger. We found that an infrared luminous galaxy with dusty starburst formed by a nearly retrograde-retrograde merger suffers the most remarkable dust extinction of stellar light and con...

The effect of polydispersity on extinction cross sections is studied for a particle system composed of coated, spherical particles. Aden–Kerker equations, governing the light-scattering behaviour of the system, are formulated in a way that makes them more suitable for computation purposes. Differences found between light scattered by non-absorbing and highly absorbing particles show the importa...

In this paper we examine the effect of solvent on the optical extinction spectrum of periodic arrays of surfaceconfined silver nanoparticles fabricated by nanosphere lithography (NSL). By use of NSL, it is possible to systematically vary the out-of-plane height of the nanoparticles, and by thermal annealing, we can control the nanoparticle shape. We have studied four separate samples of nanopar...

The absolute luminosities and homogeneity of early-time infrared (IR) light curves of type Ia supernovae are examined. Eight supernovae are considered. These are selected to have accurately known epochs of maximum blue light as well as having reliable distance estimates and/or good light curve coverage. Two approaches to extinction correction are considered. Owing to the low extinction in the I...

cultivation of high efficacy crops in resource utilization, especially with higher water and radiation use efficiencies is one of the important strategies to achieve the goals of sustainable agriculture. align with these guidelines and in order to estimate light extinction coefficient and radiation use efficiency of sesame a split plot arrangement of two factors based on randomized complete blo...

The Pleistocene extinction of the widespread organ-pipe Montastraea coral had measurable morphological and ecological effects on surviving lineages of the Montastraea "annularis" species complex. Extinction of the organ-pipe Montastraea occurred after more than 500,000 years of dominance in the shallow-water reef habitat of Barbados. Extinction resulted in a morphological shift of the columnar ...

Humans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are deficient at extinguishing conditioned fear responses. A study of identical twins concluded that this extinction deficit does not predate trauma but develops as a result of trauma. The present study tested whether the Lewis rat model of PTSD reproduces these features of the human syndrome. Lewis rats were subjected to classical auditory fear...

Destruction and fragmentation of (semi-) natural habitats are considered the main causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. Plant species may exhibit a slow response to fragmentation, resulting in the development of an extinction debt in fragmented plant communities. The detection of extinction debt is of primary importance in habitat conservation strategies. We applied two different approaches pr...