background macrophages play critical roles in innate immune response in the liver. whether macrophages participate in liver innate immunity against hcv replication is poorly understood objectives the aim of this study was to investigate the role of macrophages in liver innate immunity against hcv replication. conclusions macrophages may play an important role in liver innate immunity against hc...

background a fall in plasma concentration of energy status related hormones (leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-1) and insulin) and body energy expenditure occurs in response to short term fasting. nevertheless, the relations of the fasting-induced changes in energy related hormones and metabolites with fasting energy expenditure (fee) under extended fasting condition have received littl...

background: it is not yet known which types of toll-like receptors (tlrs) are most effective in helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) recognition. it is also not known which gastric zones have the most prominent roles in tlr-mediated bacterial recognition. the aim of this work was to analyze the expression of tlr2 and tlr4 in biopsy specimens from h. pylori-infected patients. methods: thirty-eight pa...

silver nanowires were synthesized by solvothermal method through reducing silver nitrate (agno3) with ethylene glycol (eg) in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp). in order to prevent the agglomeration of ag+ in the initial ag seeds formation, sodium chloride (nacl) was added into the solution to form agcl colloids. by dissolving agcl in the late stages, ag+ ions were released into the so...

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objective: genes involved in bone and tissue remodelling in the vertebrates include matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp-9), receptor activator of necrosis factor κ-β (rank), cathepsin-k (ctsk) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (tracp). we examine whether these markers are expressed in cells of zebrafish embryos of 1-5 days post fertilization. we also examine adult scales, which are known to c...

In the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) framework of the past 60 years, colloidal interaction between similarly charged particles has been claimed to be simply repulsive, and an attraction such as the van der Waals interaction is attached to the Coulombic repulsion. Statistical-thermodynamic considerations show that the electrostatic Helmholtz free energy ΔF(el) is generally not equal to...