collection of appropriate qualitative and quantitative data is necessary for proper management and planning. used the suitable inventory methods is necessary and accuracy of sampling methods dependent the inventory net and number of sample point. nearest neighbor sampling method is a one of distance methods and calculated by three equations (byth and riple, 1980; cotam and curtis, 1956 and cota...

Agricultural expansion and intensification are major threats to global biodiversity, ecological functions, and ecosystem services. The rapid expansion of oil palm in forested tropical landscapes is of particular concern given their high biodiversity. Identifying management approaches that maintain native species and associated ecological processes within oil palm plantations is therefore a prio...

The economic contribution of forest resources to the communities surrounding nature reserves cannot be ignored. method for which find a resource utilization path balance contradiction between local farmers’ development and ecological protection in is important. However, little attention has been given effect users’ behavioral preferences on utilization. This study selected Wolong Nature Reserve...

Aim: Morocco has implemented several strategies and rules for saving biodiversity safeguarding natural territorial riches in protected regions since the release of Vizier Decree on January 19, 1942. Within this context, UNESCO MAB designation encourages creativity World Network Biosphere Reserves. However, its goal reconciling protection resource management order to generate sustainable develop...

Dena Biosphere Reserve located in Iran and is a 550 Biosphere Reserve in the worlds. This research was investigated in the two protected and non-protected areas, in a Dena Biosphere Reserve, Kohkeloye va Boyrahmad province, and central zagros forest, southwest of Iran. Inventory methods designed by systemetic-randomaiz method by use the rectangular plots that were 15×30 meters in the 100×100 m ...

1 The decade of the 1990s witnessed dramatic changes in the competitive situation of individual banks and in the structure of the banking industry. Legislation removed barriers for bank holding companies to own banks across state lines, allowed banks to operate across extensive areas in a single branch network, and created financial holding companies that could operate banks, securities firms, ...

The mixed outcomes of seemingly well-intentioned partnerships that try to create mutually beneficial agreements between local communities and private firms remain a puzzle. This study looks for answers to this puzzle by reviewing a large number of empirical studies in a wide variety of contexts. The kinds of local skills and expertise that are important for good timber concession management, ho...

Pakistan has only a meagre amount of forest cover, and that is depleting rapidly, with ineffective governance seen as a major reason. The government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the country’s most forested province, has carried out a series of interventions with financial and technical support from various international donors. These aim to change how forests are governed, making planning and managem...

The Canterbury Plains have lost most of their pre-Polynesian indigenous vegetation, primarily forest and shrubland. One of the few remaining areas is the 2.3 ha Eyrewell Scientific Reserve which consists mostly of low känuka (Kunzea ericoides) forest and a small area of grassland. We assessed the Reserve vegetation using a combination of plots and transect surveys at different times of the year...