backgrounds: most of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections elicit poor immune responses and 75% to 85% of cases become chronic therefore, the development of an effective vaccine against hcv is of paramount importance. in this study, we aimed to evaluate co-administration of hcv non-structural protein 2 and il-12 dna vaccines in c57bl/6 mice. methods: a plasmid encoding full-length hcv ns2 prot...

The vaccination of pigs with inactivated antigen requires adjuvanted vaccines. In general, two kinds of adjuvant are used to enhance the immunogenic properties of an antigen: aluminium salts or oil-based formulas [1, 9]. Aluminium salts often fail to induce a long-term response or a cellular immune response [7]. Emulsified vaccines are frequently used in pigs as they induce a long-lasting immun...

Simply stated, clinical response to an immunotherapy is proportional to the product of three quantities: the total number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), the proportion of tumor cells that can be recognized by these TILs, and the cytotoxic efficacy of TILs directed against tumor cells. Recent clinical responses to Ipilimumab illustrate that TILs recognize tumor cells and that modifyin...

An experiment investigating the elastic local buckling response of trough girders composed of thin profiled steel sheeting has been undertaken Beam tests were performed to promote initial local buckling in a region of constant moment in the elastic range of structural response. The results of the experiments were compared with an elastic complex semi-analytical finite strip method of analysis, ...

Infectious diseases occur when a pathogen overwhelms a host`s immune response, establishes a local niche, replicates and spreads over the whole body. Immunocompromised people are especially in danger to develop severe pathologies. An important factor influencing the immune defence is the diet. In particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are believed to play a key role in modulating immune ...

background: macrophage immune responses are affected by the secretory proteins of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). this study aimed to examine the immune responses of macrophages to mtb secretory antigens, namely esat-6, cfp-10, and esat-6/cfp-10. methods: thp-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line) were cultured and differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. the cytotoxic...