Monte Carlo techniques are often the only practical way to evaluate difficult integrals or to sample random variables governed by complicated probability density functions. Here we describe an assortment of methods for sampling some commonly occurring probability density functions. Most Monte Carlo sampling or integration techniques assume a " random number generator, " which generates uniform ...

We present a new general relativistic hydrodynamics code specifically designed to study magneto-rotational, relativistic, stellar core collapse. The code is an extension of an existing (and thoroughly tested) hydrodynamics code, which has been applied in the recent past to study relativistic rotational core collapse. It is based on the conformally-flat approximation of Einstein's field equation...

Topological insulators subject to a time-reversal-symmetry-breaking perturbation are predicted to display a magneto-electric effect that causes the electric and magnetic induction fields to mix at the material's surface. This effect induces polarization rotations of between ≈1-10 mrad per interface in an incident plane-polarized electromagnetic wave normal to a multilayered structure. Here we s...

The effects of exchange coupling on magnetic switching properties of all-garnet multilayer thin film structures are investigated. All-garnet structures are fabricated by sandwiching a magneto-soft material of composition type Bi1.8Lu1.2Fe3.6Al1.4O12 or Bi₃Fe₅O12:Dy₂O₃ in between two magneto-hard garnet material layers of composition type Bi₂Dy₁Fe₄Ga₁O12 or Bi₂Dy₁Fe₄Ga₁O12:Bi₂O₃. The fabricated ...

Electrodynamic responses from three-dimensional topological insulators are characterized by the universal magnetoelectric term constituent of the Lagrangian formalism. The quantized magnetoelectric coupling, which is generally referred to as topological magnetoelectric effect, has been predicted to induce exotic phenomena including the universal low-energy magneto-optical effects. Here we repor...

It is supposed that an ultrathin film has an electronic structure which is different from the bulk state. So far many theoretical and experimental works have been done on the electronic structures of ultrathin films [ 11. However only a few works have been reported in the field of the magneto-optical effect of thin ferromagnetic films except for SMOKE [2]. Recently, we found a new magneto-optic...

We discuss a magneto transport and magneto-optical investigation of [211 ]-oriented HgTe-CdTe superlattices. Measurements were performed on seven n-type samples with well widths in the range 41-125 A and energy gaps between 0 and 128 meV. Both magnetotransport and magneto-optical results give evidence for an additional electron species besides the superlattice electrons and holes usually observ...