THAT the prootic somites in the head of the vertebrate give rise to the muscles actuating the eyeballs is a fact so well known as to require no comment. As the result of the work of Marshall (7) it was understood that the eye-muscles, of which there are six, arise in three groups, each group from one prootic somite. The first group, consisting of the superior, internal, and inferior recti and t...

OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to review the literature of how to identify the mental foramen, mandibular incisive canal and associated neurovascular bundles during implant surgery and how to detect and avoid the damage of these vital structures during implant therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literature was selected through a search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane electronic data...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine and compare the reliability to accomplish of common mandibular landmarks and to determine the incidence of incisive canals, anterior looping, and lingual foramina in children from panoramic and CBCT images. DESIGN Panoramic and CBCT images from 100 children and adolescent patients were randomly selected. In order to grade the visibility of mand...

Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital condition associated with orbital, mandibular, ear, nerve, and soft tissue anomalies. We present a standardized, two-dimensional, digital photographic protocol designed to capture the common craniofacial features associated with CFM.

A 19-year-old man sustained a right parasymphyseal fracture and bilateral condylar neck fractures in a motor vehicle accident. The parasymphyseal fracture was treated by open reduction and internal fixation, and the subcondylar fractures were treated with closed reduction and maxillomandibular fixation. Three days postoperatively, a near-complete left facial nerve palsy developed. Facial nerve ...

The mental foramen (MF) is an important anatomic landmark of the mandible, in which the somatic afferent sensory nerve of the mandibular nerve emerges as mental nerve and blood vessels. The identification and actual location of MF are important in order to avoid sensory dysfunction or paresthesia due to mental nerve injury. In the literature there are some rare reports on the anatomical variati...

UNLABELLED Causing damage to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) when extracting lower third molars is due to the intimate relationship between the nerve and the roots of the teeth. When the proximity radiologic markers between the IAN and the root of the third molars are present, the technique of coronectomy can be proposed as an alternative to extraction to minimize the risk of nerve injury, wi...

BACKGROUND During the orthognathic surgery, it is important to know the exact anatomical location of the mandibular foramen to achieve successful anesthesia of inferior alveolar nerve and to prevent damage to the nerves and vessels supplying the mandible. METHODS Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to determine the location of the mandibular foramen in 100 patients: 30 patients with...

We studied the nerve fibers of the human mandibular nerve using edentulous jaw cadavers. We made nitrocellulose sections and stained them with Goto's modification of Masson-Goldner's method in order to evaluate the nerve fibers using an image-analyzer. The results showed an unusual feature: a sudden increase of axonal areas during the decade of the 80s followed by a sharp return to previous lev...

BACKGROUND Mandibular resection is the mainstay in the treatment of several pathologies involving the jaw. When benign lesions are approached, a limited exposure and less invasive access considering the cosmetic outcome is desirable to reduce morbidity and increase patient's quality of life after surgery. The facelift approach is widely used for rhytidectomy, parotidectomy, and facial animation...