Forced global ocean/sea-ice hindcast simulations are subject to persistent surface mass flux estimation biases, for example, configurations with an explicit-free may not take into account the seasonal storage of water on land when constraining sea level. We present a physically motivated closure, that results in: reduced watermass drift from initialization; improved Atlantic meridional overturn...

Abstract The interior of an ice sheet consists layers accumulated snow, which contain important information on accumulation and dynamics that are imprinted layer shapes over time. This work describes how changes in influence the stratigraphy sheet. thickness each at present day depends both effect dynamic thinning after its deposition. An isochronal numerical model is used to simulate evolution...