Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) inactivating mutations are present in most human colorectal cancers and some other cancers. The APC protein regulates the β-catenin protein pool that functions as a co-activator of T cell factor (TCF)-regulated transcription in Wnt pathway signaling. We studied effects of reduced dosage of the Ctnnb1 gene encoding β-catenin in Apc-mutation-induced colon and ovar...

background: natural background radiation of a particular region is one of the distinctive factors defining the status of environment. eloor island is an industrial area in ernakulum district of the state of kerala, india. the indoor and outdoor gamma level measurements have been carried out for the region for evaluating the annual effective dose to the population residing in this area. material...

In this study, the effect of reversible inactivation of locus ceruleus (LC) on naloxone- induced withdrawal syndrome in paragigantocellular (PGi) neurons in morphine- dependent rats was investigated. For inactivation of LC, 1 µl of lidocaine (2%) was used and for induction of withdrawal syndrome, naloxone hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) was injected systemically. The results showed that in dependent gr...

A B S X R A C T Gating current (I~) has been studied in relation to inactivation of the Na channels. No component of lg has the time course of inactivation; apparent ly little or no charge movement is associated with this step. Inactivation nonetheless affects Ig by immobilizing about two-thirds of gating charge. Immobilization can be followed by measuring ON charge movement dur ing a pulse and...

A B S X R A C T Gating current (I~) has been studied in relation to inactivation of the Na channels. No component of lg has the time course of inactivation; apparent ly little or no charge movement is associated with this step. Inactivation nonetheless affects Ig by immobilizing about two-thirds of gating charge. Immobilization can be followed by measuring ON charge movement dur ing a pulse and...

A B S X R A C T Gating current (I~) has been studied in relation to inactivation of the Na channels. No component of lg has the time course of inactivation; apparent ly little or no charge movement is associated with this step. Inactivation nonetheless affects Ig by immobilizing about two-thirds of gating charge. Immobilization can be followed by measuring ON charge movement dur ing a pulse and...

Gating current (Ig) has been studied in relation to inactivation of Na channels. No component of Ig has the time course of inactivation; apparently little or no charge movement is associated with this step. Inactivation nonetheless affects Ig by immobilizing about two-thirds of gating charge. Immobilization can be followed by measuring ON charge movement during a pulse and comparing it to OFF c...

A B S X R A C T Gating current (I~) has been studied in relation to inactivation of the Na channels. No component of lg has the time course of inactivation; apparent ly little or no charge movement is associated with this step. Inactivation nonetheless affects Ig by immobilizing about two-thirds of gating charge. Immobilization can be followed by measuring ON charge movement dur ing a pulse and...

Heterogametic sex chromosomes have evolved many times independently, and in many cases, the loss of functional genes from the sex-limited Y or W chromosome leaves only one functional gene copy on the corresponding X or Z chromosome in the heterogametic sex. Because gene dose often correlates with gene expression level, this difference in gene dose between males and females for X- or Z-linked ge...

We have sequenced to high levels of accuracy 714-kb and 233-kb regions of the mouse and bovine X-inactivation centers (Xic), respectively, centered on the Xist gene. This has provided the basis for a fully annotated comparative analysis of the mouse Xic with the 2.3-Mb orthologous region in human and has allowed a three-way species comparison of the core central region, including the Xist gene....