The fallacy is either the misdiagnosis of or supposition that conclusion a must be falsehood. This paper explores relevance these and related errors reasoning for appraisal arguments, especially within virtue theories argumentation. In particular, exemplifies Owl Minerva problem, whereby tools devised to understand norm make possible new ways violating norm. Fallacies are such so vices. Hence s...

Methodological dualism in linguistics occurs when its theories are subjected to standards that are inappropriate for them qua scientifi c theories. Despite much opposition, methodological dualism abounds in contemporary thinking. In this paper, I treat linguistics as a scientifi c activity and explore some instances of dualism. By extracting some ubiquitous aspects of scientifi c methodology fr...

Edith Penrose’s The Theory of the Growth Firm provides an intellectual foundation for a theory innovative enterprise, which is essential to any attempt explain productivity growth, employment opportunity, and income distribution. firm also antidote absurdity that has been taught by PhD economists millions college students over seven decades: most unproductive efficient economy. dissemination th...

We assume that in the world of business, higher risks are only taken when rewarded with higher expected returns. This supposition has been confirmed empirically using capital market data. However, accounting measures have yielded puzzling results: using the mean and variance of ROE as measures of return and risk, respectively, Bowman (1980) and other researchers find a negative relationship bet...

rights provisions are valuable even if their contours are not fully determined in advance. They shape the way that political actors understand and articulate the values inherent in the political system; they shape the beliefs of political actors about what they can and cannot do, what they are fighting for and what they are fighting against. But rights are less valuable, indeed not really valua...

In the face of both common sense and contemporary science, an increasing number of philosophers and psychologists have found themselves attracted to the view that, in ordinary tool use, we have instances in which cognitive processes span the cranial boundary and extend into extracranial space. As Daniel Dennett puts it, " minds are composed of tools for thinking that we not only obtain from the...

The article investigates whether compulsory old age provisions are justified from an econom-ic point of view. According to a standard argument, some people would not provide suffi-

Attributing higher "probability" to a sentence of form p-and-q, relative to p, is a reasoning fallacy only if (1) the word probability carries its modern, technical meaning and (2) the sentence p is interpreted as a conjunct of the conjunction p-and-q. Legitimate doubts arise about both conditions in classic demonstrations of the conjunction fallacy. We used betting paradigms and unambiguously ...

my lab group members, and many others for useful conversations. Do not quote or circulate without permission. 1 " The besetting fallacy of writers on economic method has been justly said to be the fallacy of exclusiveness. A single aspect or department of economic study is alone kept in view, and the method appropriate thereto aggrandized, while other methods, of equal importance in their prope...

This article asserts that traditionally dominant models of health promotion in the US are fairly characterized by methodological individualism. This schema produces a focus on the individual as the node of intervention. Such emphasis results in a number of scientific and ethical problems. I identify three principal ethical deficiencies: first, the health promotions used are generally ineffectiv...