This study was conducted to investigate the effects of eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) crude oils (EuO) supplementation on voluntary feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics in swamp buffaloes. Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes, body weight (BW) of 420±15.0 kg, were randomly assigned according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments were u...

Knowledge of the nitrogen compounds utilized for growth of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria is of considerable importance to an understanding of the nitrogen economy of ruminants and of factors affecting ruminal cellulose digestion. Work with mixed cultures of bacteria from the rumen has shown that cellulose digestion occurs with ammonia or urea, which rapidly yields ammonia, as the sole source of...

Adequate supply of amino acids can improve the efficiency nitrogen use. Casein is predominant milk protein, and its supplementation protein synthesis efficiency. We evaluated effects post-ruminal casein on yield composition whole-body deposition. Two ruminally cannulated Holstein dairy cows (599 kg) were used in a switch-back design, treatments an abomasal infusion 0 or 400 g/day casein. Cows f...

OBJECTIVE Effects of nitrogen supplementation associated with different levels of starch on voluntary intake, digestibility, and rumen and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed low-quality tropical forage (Brachiaria decumbens hay, 7.4% crude protein, CP) were evaluated using ruminal and abomasal cannulated steers. METHODS Five European×Zebu young bulls (186 kg body weight, BW) were distrib...

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of virginiamycin (VM ) supplementation on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations in steers. Four ruminally cannulated Chinese Luxi steers (BW 559.4 ± 30.1 kg) were used in a crossover design experiment with an experimental period of 28 days. The forage to concentrate ratio of the basal diet was 35:65 on dry matter basis. ...

At the 3rd Annual Ruminant Nutrition Symposium (Hammond, 1992), I reviewed the use of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration for monitoring protein status in beef cattle, and discussed the potential for using milk urea nitrogen (MUN) as a noninvasive tool for monitoring protein status in dairy cattle. The purpose of this discussion is to review the basic concepts involved in urea nitrogen as a...

nitrogen concentration, temperature and light intensity. Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients critical for the cultivation of algae due to its role in growth and regulation of metabolism [1]. It is well documented that there are three different sources of nitrogen such as nitrate, ammonia and urea, which are absorbed by microalgae [2,3]. Urea is known to contain approximately 46.7% nitrog...

Seven ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (194 +/- 16 kg) housed in metabolism crates were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square, with one additional steer, to study effects of ruminal ammonia load on methionine (Met) use. All steers received a diet based on soybean hulls (2.6 kg DM/d), ruminal infusions of 200 g/d of acetate, 200 g/d of propionate, and 50 g/d of butyrate, as well as abomasal infusion ...

An experiment was carried out to evaluate how interactions between forage to concentrate ratio and dietary crude protein level may alter nitrogen efficiency and UT-B expression in growing Baluchi male lambs. Four Baluchi male lambs [30 ± 2 kg BW] were used in a 4 × 4 latin square design with 28-d periods and a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. The treatments fed forage: concent...