This report provides an updated overview of recommended and mandatory vaccinations in the European Union (EU), Iceland and Norway, considering the differences in vaccine programme implementation between countries. In 2010, the Vaccine European New Integrated Collaboration Effort (VENICE) network, conducted a survey among the VENICE project gatekeepers to learn more about how national vaccinatio...

A national vaccination program against hepatitis B virus (HBV) to immunize every newborn was initiated in Taiwan in 1986. A serologic survey of 1,812 fully vaccinated children residing in four aboriginal villages and four adjacent nonaboriginal Han Chinese rural villages was conducted in 1993. Children in three of the four aboriginal villages had significantly lower titers of antibody against h...

The demand for improved pertussis vaccines is urgent due to the resurgence of whooping cough. A deeper understanding of the mode of action of pertussis vaccines is required to achieve this improvement. The vaccine-induced effects of a candidate outer membrane vesicle vaccine (omvPV) and a classical protective but reactogenic whole cell vaccine (wPV) were comprehensively compared in mice. The co...

In the Community of Madrid, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) replaced the 7-valent (PCV7) in the fully government-funded Regional Immunization Program (RIP) in May, 2010, but was later excluded in May, 2012, and included again in January, 2015. These unique changes allowed us to assess the impact of the different pneumococcal vaccination policies on PCV13 uptake in infants a...

There is an epidemic in children of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome including individual diseases that form the components of metabolic syndrome. The epidemic resembles the epidemic of type 1 diabetes in children which has been linked to immunization. The epidemic of obesity in US children has a statistically significant positive correlation with the number of vaccine doses recommended. ...

During the past two decades of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, several recruitment campaigns were designed to generate community involvement in preventive HIV vaccine clinical trials. These efforts utilized a blend of advertising and marketing strategies mixed with public relations and community education approaches to attract potential study participants to clinical trials (integrated marketing communi...

Combination vaccines have become the preferred choice for immunizing children in highand middle-income countries. However, these new vaccines are prohibitively expensive for lowincome countries, causing them to rely on older, less-expensive vaccines. This product divergence decreases economies of scale for the purchase of vaccines and eliminates the financial incentive for manufacturers to main...

In 1997, the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 was first reported to infect humans.1 Up to 3 March 2015, the cumulative number of confirmed human cases of H5N1 was 784, with 429 deaths. There is no evidence that H5N1 viruses can transmit efficiently from person to person.2 Therefore, the key to prevention of a human H5N1 pandemic is to first control the H5N1 virus in birds. Traditionally...

Vaccination of colon cancer patients with X-irradiated autologous tumor cells and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin results in a significant reduction in tumor recurrence. A study was undertaken to determine whether the expression of tumor-associated antigens, expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules, or the cellular composition of the vaccine cells correlates with vaccine efficacy. A si...

BACKGROUND Avian influenza A/H5N1 has threatened human health for nearly 2 decades. Avian influenza A vaccine without adjuvant is poorly immunogenic. A flexible rapid tactic for mass vaccination will be needed if a pandemic occurs. METHODS A multicenter, randomized, blinded phase 1 clinical trial evaluated safety and antibody responses after point-of-use mixing of influenza A/Indonesia/05/200...