A series of bis(indolyl)methanes have been synthesized by stirring a mixture of indole and aldehydes in methanol:water (1:1 v/v) containing catalytic amount of sodium bisulphite at RT. Acute toxicity, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activities of the prepared bis(indolyl)methanes are evaluated in vivo in comparison to standard drugs (ibuprofen and indomethacin). In acute toxicity s...

Methods for preparing standardized glycol methacrylate (GMA) based embedding media for use in light microscopy in a rational, precise and reproducible manner are described . The application of these procedures resulted in a versatile, low toxicity GMA embedding medium. GMA embedding medium and resin blocks were tested utilizing a variety of physico-chemical techniques, namely: gas chromatograph...

PURPOSE Although preclinical, epidemiological and prior clinical trial data suggest that green tea catechins (GTCs) may reduce prostate cancer (PCa) risk, several preclinical studies and case reports have reported liver toxicities and acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Based on these observations, regulatory bodies have required stringent inclusion criteria with frequent, excessive toxicity monit...

Acute toxicity is manifested in terms of effects which occur after a single administration or relatively brief exposure to substance mixture. The evidence for acute usually obtained from animal testing so characterised lethality and times used experimental protocols. Mainly two hazardous classes are reported that known as “Acute toxicity” “STOT-SE (Specific Target Organ Toxicity-Single Exposure...

Ubiquitous occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment results in concern about potential adverse the effects on nontarget organisms. In water, drugs are present in complex mixtures, in which complicated interactions affect toxicity of single components. The purpose of this study was to examine effect of 35-day-long exposure to mixture of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine on the...

Toxicity of Pb(2+) and Cd(2+) is a widespread issue in the world; however, few studies have been conducted to understand their effect at environmentally realistic concentration in a mixture. In the present study, Crucian carp was exposed to Pb(2+) (30 µg·l(-1)), Cd(2+) (100 µg·l(-1)) and their mixture (30+100 µg·l(-1)) for 96 h and 21 d period to assess changes in the liver and muscle vitamin A...

The topical toxicities of five commercial grade pesticides commonly sprayed in apple orchards were estimated on adult worker honey bees, Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Japanese orchard bees, Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). The pesticides were acetamiprid (Assail 30SG), λ-cyhalothrin (Warrior II), dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC), phosmet (Imidan 70W), and ...

The photodegradation of a mixture of the emerging pollutants (EPs) clofibric acid, amoxicillin, acetamiprid, acetaminophen, carbamazepine, and caffeine was studied under irradiation with a xenon lamp. The quantum efficiencies of the EPs were determined when irradiated individually. Experiments with the mixture of the EPs showed that indirect photoprocesses attributable to interaction between EP...

To measure the testicular toxicity of two fungicides (carbendazim and iprodione), alone or in a mixture, we used a rat ex vivo model of seminiferous tubules, greatly reducing the number of rodents used, in accordance with the 3R rule (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement). This model allows the representation of puberty, a critical life period with regard to endocrine disruptors. The cellular...

Decolorization of brilliant green (0.06 g/L), Evans blue (0.15 g/L), and their mixture (total concentration 0.08 g/L, proportion 1:1 w/w) by fungi was studied. Fungal strains [Pleurotus ostreatus (BWPH), Gloeophyllum odoratum (DCa), and Fusarium oxysporum (G1)] were used separately and as a mixture of them. Zootoxicity (Daphnia magna) and phytotoxicity (Lemna minor) changes were estimated after...