A compact semiconductor mode-locked laser (MLL) is presented that demonstrates strong passive Q-switched mode-locking over a wide range of drive conditions. The Q-switched frequency is tunable between 1 and 4 GHz for mode-locked pulses widths around 3.5 ps. The maximum ratio of peak to average power of the pulse-train is >120, greatly exceeding that of similarly sized passively MLLs.

The basic premise behind the retrieval is to iterate the mixing ratios of two aerosol models for each size mode. (Weakly and a strongly absorbing aerosol models are used for the fine mode, sea salt and dust models are used for the coarse mode.) Ideally, the retrieval will produce the mixing ratios that best describe the measured radiances at 3-4 wavelengths. (The mixing ratio of dust and sea sa...

The fluid-kinetic hybrid electron model is verified in global gyrokinetic particle simulation of linear electromagnetic drift-Alfv enic instabilities in tokamak. In particular, we have recovered the b-stabilization of the ion temperature gradient mode, transition to collisionless trapped electron mode, and the onset of kinetic ballooning mode as be (ratio of electron kinetic pressure to magneti...