This paper presents an area pad layout method to e ciently reduce the space required for interconnection pads and pad drivers. Unlike peripheral pads, area pads use only the top metal layer and therefore allow active circuitry to be laid out underneath. With identical functional elements grouped together, a group of pad drivers share the same well and can be placed tightly together. The use of ...

Shadow mapping has been a popular way of generating shadows in real-time applications, but it is still incapable of generating realistic real time soft shadows for area light. There is an algorithm for generating soft shadows for linear light with few samples, but the algorithm is not suitable for area light. In this article, the author presents a modified method to the shadow mapping algorithm...

Wireless communication systems will be one of the biggest drivers of semiconductor products over the next decade. This paper provides an overview of current developments in this explosive market, looks at future product requirements and relates those needs with technology projections. Three key technologies are discussed: basic semiconductor processes, digital signal processing, and RF systems ...

Means of communication have achieved tremendous growth in the last two decades and the anywhereanytime concept is becoming a reality as the ease of deployment and the decreasing cost of usage allow a large fraction of the world’s population to use WiFi, cell phones and communication satellites. However, the map of the information world is highly polarized: only 5% of the African population uses...

A classical continuum theory corresponding to Barrett and Crane’s model of Euclidean quantum gravity is presented. The fields in this classical theory are those of SO(4) BF theory, a simple topological theory of an so(4) valued 2-form field, B μν , and an so(4) connection. The left handed (self-dual) and right handed (anti-self-dual) components of B define a left handed and a, generally distinc...

Aim: I extend the traditional SAR, which has achieved status of ecological law and plays a critical role in global biodiversity assessment, to the general (alphaor beta-diversity in Hill numbers) diversity area relationship (DAR). The extension was motivated to remedy the limitation of traditional SAR that only address one aspect of biodiversity scaling—species richness scaling over space. Inno...

Entanglement entropy is typically proportional to area, but sometimes it acquires an additional logarithmic pre-factor. We offer some intuitive explanations for these facts.

yekta was created in 1981 from crossing between b5 ? m7 and an early maturing palistinian line, in oil seed crops research department of seed and plant improvement institute (spii) at karaj. the pure line of the cross was obtained after five years of selection with pedigree method. preliminary evaluation of the line along with other 31 selected lines was done in 1989 and yekta together with oth...

the most important factor in evaluating dental health is dmft (decayed, missing, filled, teeth). this research was conducted to compare dmft index in the workers of sweets and cable factories of shahrood (moghan), a small city near 300 km east of tehran. all the 127 production line workers of cable factory and 124 workers of sweets factory who had the predetermined criteria were selected. a que...