24 Mucosal epithelial cell surface galactosylceramide (Galcer) has been postulated to be a receptor 25 for HIV-1 envelope (Env) interacting with mucosal epithelial cells. Disruption of HIV-1 Env 26 interaction with such alternate receptors could be one strategy to prevent HIV-1 entry through 27 the mucosal barrier. To study antibody modulation of HIV-1 Env-Galcer interactions, we have 28 used G...

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans can prolong survival in mice. However, the properties of antibodies that mediate protection are not fully understood. The IgM mAbs 12A1 and 13F1 originated from the same B cell and differ only by somatic mutations in their variable regions; yet mAb 12A1 protects against serotype D infection, while mAb 13F1 doe...

The pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, which plays a major role in the development and persistence of inflammatory diseases, is the basis for the use of anti-TNF-α therapies. The neutralization of TNF-α or blockage of its binding to the corresponding receptor has mainly served as a therapeutic strategy against some diseases. This study aimed to investigate the production of a humanized single ch...

Nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) of hepatitis C virus (HCV), codes for protease and helicase carrying NTPase enzymatic activities, plays a crucial role in viral replication and an ideal target for diagnosis, antiviral therapy and vaccine development. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to NS3 helicase were characterized by epitope mapping and biological function test. A total of 29 monoclo...

To characterize further the chemical and biological properties of bovine soluble (bos) CD14, a panel of ten murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) reactive with recombinant (r) bosCD14 were produced. A sandwich ELISA, using murine mAb and rabbit polyclonal antibodies reactive with rbosCD14 was developed. All the mAb were reactive by ELISA with baculovirus-derived rbosCD14 and they recognized rbosCD...

Salmonella-specific antibodies play an important role in host immunity; however, the mechanisms of Salmonella clearance by pathogen-specific antibodies remain to be completely elucidated since previous studies on antibody-mediated protection have yielded inconsistent results. These inconsistencies are at least partially attributable to the use of polyclonal antibodies against Salmonella antigen...

OBJECTIVE The ability to induce neutralizing antibodies may be the most important feature of an antiretroviral vaccine, preventing infection of target cells and subsequent integration of the virus into the cellular genome where the virus may persist. Broadly neutralizing antibodies directed against conserved epitopes in the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the transmembrane envelope ...

Equi merozoite antigen 1 (EMA-1) is an immunodominant Babesia equi erythrocyte-stage surface protein. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on inhibition of monoclonal antibody (MAb) 36/133.97 binding to recombinant EMA-1 by equine anti-B. equi antibodies, detects horses infected with strains present throughout the world. The objectives of this study were to define the ...

The location of the epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody (MAb) 63G on the primary structure of the human respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein was determined by testing the reactivity of synthetic peptides with the MAb. The role of individual amino acids in this epitope was determined by using a set of 13-mer peptides containing single residue deletions. Residues 204 to 209 were found...

A major challenge in organophosphate (OP) research has been the identification and utilization of reliable biomarkers for the rapid, sensitive, and efficient detection of OP exposure. Although Tyr 411 OP adducts to human serum albumin (HSA) have been suggested to be one of the most robust biomarkers in the detection of OP exposure, the analysis of HSA-OP adduct detection has been limited to tec...