In this review, we discuss the use of a variety of 3-D models (particularly 3-D skin, lung, breast and endothelial) in radiobiological research and highlight the differences in responses compared to 2-D culturing conditions (monolayers). We review the characteristics of existing 3-D models and aim to point out the substantial advantages 3-D cultures provide for modern radiobiology. In particula...

Electrons and holes are locally injected in a single pentacene monolayer island. The twodimensional distribution and concentration of the injected carriers are measured by electrical force microscopy. In crystalline monolayer islands, both carriers are delocalized over the whole island. On disordered monolayer, carriers stay localized at their injection point. These results provide insight into...

Monolayer hydrodynamics are usually described in terms of a Newtonian constitutive relationship. However, this macroscopic view fails to account for small-scale coexisting phase domains, which are generally present in the monolayer and appear to have profound macroscopic effects. Here, we provide direct evidence of these effects, consisting of Brewster angle microscopy images of the monolayer, ...

Insulin in low concentrations inhibits the uptake of Ca(++) by the monooctadecyl (stearyl) phosphate monolayer (at air-water interface) and facilitates the release of Ca(++) adsorbed to the monolayer. These effects of insulin are more pronounced at higher insulin concentrations. Evidence is presented that a relatively intact insulin molecule competes with Ca(++) for the free phosphate group of ...

We consider a charged Langmuir monolayer problem where electrostatic interaction forces undulations in molecular concentration of the monolayer. Using the Γ-convergence theory in singular perturbative variational calculus, we prove the existence of soliton-stripe lamellar patterns as one-dimensional local minimizers of the free energy, which are characterized by sharp domain walls delineating f...

Two-dimensional van der Waals materials have opened a new paradigm for fundamental physics exploration and device applications because of their emerging physical properties. Unlike gapless graphene, monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are two-dimensional semiconductors that undergo an indirect-to-direct bandgap transition1–5, creating new optical functionalities for next-generati...