Translation is an indispensable tool for communication between the diverse linguistic groups. It opens new horizons for the people living in a country so that it makes changes and improvements in their society, especially in the literature. Through the translation process, some literary principles and elements are introduced into the home literature which did not exist before. These features em...

The aim of this essay is to propose a view literary translation as “performance”, i.e., both an art and activity endowed with specific affinities those the actor or musician. Actors musicians offer subjective interpretations dramatic texts musical scripts that they present on stage in concert hall. Likewise, translator presents her/his interpretation rendering text readers whose mother tongue c...

This article attempts to see, through the structural significances of poetic language, the nature of the split between linguistic description and literary interpretation. Rhythm is the most prominent means of relating form to content in poetic language. The first account of this prominence is seen through identifying its position in the two prosodic forms of metrical and non-metrical poetry. Fo...

nazim hikmet (1901-1963), turkish poet and a true believer ofmarxism, spent 12 years of his life in prison and nearly 20 years in exile, anexperience that profoundly changed his perception of  space and influenced the horizon structure ofhis literary work. as michel collot explains, horizon structure considers thephenomenological idea of “existence-in the world” and seeks the life characteror s...

hariri’s maqamat is one of arabic cultural and literary works in the field of social aspects of life and linguistic characteristics and language games, as well as on narrative aspects of fictions. avoidance from pure verbal and historical topics and from mere attention to rhetorical techniques in this work, on one hand, and the tendency to survey and follow the narration on the other hand can p...

This paper considers initial value problems for ordinary differential equations (ODEs), where some of the data is uncertain and given by intervals as is the case in many areas of science and engineering. Interval methods provide a way to approach these problems, but they raise fundamental challenges in obtaining high accuracy and low computation costs. This work introduces a constraint satisfac...